1.
Accession
A process through which a country needs to satisfy conditions on becoming a member to the World Trade Organization or a regional trade agreement agreed to by other members.
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2.
Accumulation
When a good is produced by two or more producers located in territories of different members of a trading bloc, the value added in both (all) members may be taken into account.
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3.
Actionable subsidy
A type of subsidy that is not prohibited under WTO rules but against which a WTO member may respond by imposing a countervailing duty.
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4.
Ad valorem equivalent tariff
AVE tariff is a tariff presented as a percentage of the value of goods cleared through customs, even though the duty imposed was originally in a form of a specific tariff. The ad valorem equivalents are sensitive to the method of calculation and changes in product prices.
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5.
Ad valorem tariff (AVT)
Duty or tariff expressed in terms of per unit of value (i.e., a certain per cent of value or price).
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6.
African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries
A group of African, Caribbean and Pacific less developed countries that were parties to the Lom? Convention and now of the Cotonou Agreement with the EU. As of July 2000, the group included 77 countries. See www.acpsec.org
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7.
Agreement on Customs Valuation
Formally the WTO Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. It contains the methods to be used by customs authorities when they value goods for the purpose of applying the tariff rate. The most important of these is the transaction value, i.e. the price actually paid or payable for the goods but there are other methods available.
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8.
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
One of the agreements concluded under the Uruguay Round (1986-94) to set out rules with respect to trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, including copyright and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout-design of integrated circuits and protection on trade secrets.
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9.
Anti-dumping duty
Tariff levied on imports deemed dumped into a market and a form of a non-tariff barrier.
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10.
Appellate body
An independent seven-person body that considers appeals in WTO disputes. When one or more parties to the dispute appeals, the Appellate Body reviews the findings in panel reports (see Dispute settlement).
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11.
Applied tariff rates
Considered to be applied by a customs administration on imported goods. Normally these are the rates that are published by national customs authorities for duty aministration purposes and are therefore actually in effect at a country's border. They may differ significantly from bound tariff rates (see tariff binding).
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12.
ASYCUDA
Automated System for Customs Data developed and implemented by UNCTAD. It covers most foreign trade procedures and handles manifests and customs declarations, accounting procedures, transit and suspense procedures.
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13.
Autonomous preferential rules of origin
Rules applicable, for example, under Generalized System of Preferences (see GSP) schemes, where the importing country has discretion to determine how the scheme should operate
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14.
Averaging
A method of inventory management in which the average cost of goods bought over a given period is taken as the basis for valuation.
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15.
Bilateral agreement
Agreement between two countries, in contrast to plurilateral (among more) and multilateral (many) countries. For example, plurilateral agreements comprise a subset of WTO multilateral agreements which pool together all 149 members at present.
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16.
Bilateral cumulation
When the value added to a good by two economies can be combined to achieve the regional value content. This can occur, for example, in a free-trade agreement or under the GSP.
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17.
Bilateral quotas
Import (or export) quotas reserved for a specific country.
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18.
Border tax adjustment
Fiscal measurecompensating for the different treatment between imports and similar domestic production or between exports and similar products sold on the domestic market. Examples include refunds of domestic indirect taxes on goods destined fro export, charges on imports similar to the taxes levied on like domestic products. See also Duty drawback.
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19.
Capacity building
In trade contects, activities supported by bilateral or international donors aimed at strengthening the ability of developing countries to trade. They focus on strengthening capacity to develop national trade policy, undertake analysis, identify positions in regional or global negotiations or on developing supply capacities.
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20.
Cartel
Arrangements between firms (or in some cases countries) to control a market by fixing prices or limiting production between members of the cartel.
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