INTRODUCTION

1

1

REQUIREMENTS FOR EIA

2

2

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PORT DEVELOPMENT

6

2.1

Impacts of location of port

9

2.2

Impacts of construction

11

2.3

Impacts of ship traffic and discharges

14

2.4

Impacts of cargo operations and waterfront industry

15

2.5

Check lists of potential adverse effects

18

3

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND CRITERIA

19

3.1

Water quality at sea

19

3.2

Bottom contamination

19

3.3

Air quality

20

3.4

Noise

20

3.5

Odour

20

4

METHODS FOR SURVEY AND IMPACT PREDICTION

28

4.1

Water pollution

28

4.2

Coastal hydrology

33

4.3

Marine and coastal ecology

35

4.4

Air quality

35

4.5

Noise

37

4.6

Odour

38

4.7

Visual pollution

38

5

METHODS FOR POLLUTION-LESS DREDGING AND RECLAMATION

39

5.1

Dredging of sludge

39

5.2

Land reclamation

41

References and appendices

42