Tianjin |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Tianjin Municipality 2. Area: 11,919.7 square kilometers 3. Population: 10.01 million (2000 Population Census) 4. Geography: It is located in the middle of the Golden Seashore in northern China. To the north is Yan Mountain and to the east is the Bo Sea. It borders Beijing and is the gateway to the sea for the vast northern and northwestern part of China. It has a semi-humid continental monsoon climate of the Temperate Zone. 5. Natural Resources: More than 20 kinds of ore depositd worth extracting have been discovered. The main metals and non-metals are as follows: manganese, gold, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, lead, actinium, zinc, limestone, heavy spar, natural oilstone. Crude oil and natural gas are the main fuels. In addition, Tianjin has many historical sites and boasts plenty of unearthed cultural relics. Tianjin's architecture has a unique style and its famous four folk arts contribute to the development of its tourist industry. 6. Economy: By 2000, the GDP totaled RMB 163.941 billion with per capita GDP being RMB 17,940. The gross industrial product was RMB 258.21 billion. The gross agriculture product was RMB 15.56 billion. The total grain production reached 1.241 million tons. The retail price index was 98.6% and the consumer price index was 99.6%. The total investment in fixed assets reached RMB 60.82 billion. The total retail of sales consumer goods was RMB 73.663 billion. The total value of imports and exports was 17.157 billion US dollars. 7. People's life: By 2000, the per capita average budgetable income of urban and town residents was 8,141 yuan, up by 6.8 percent after deducting the price factor. The average consuming expenditure was 6,121 yuan, up by 5.0 percent after deducting the price factor. The living quality was further improved, the Engel coefficient dropped from 42.0 percent in the previous year to 40.1 percent in 2000. The average net annual income of the peasants was 4,370 yuan, up by 7.8 percent. The dwelling condition and the living environment of the urban and rural residents further improved. By the end of 2000, the per capita using house space in the urban area reached 13.8 square meters, up by 0.7 square meter over the previous year. The per capita dwelling space in the rural area was 23.61 square meters, up by 0.75 square meter over the last year. The municipal government's 20 projects to improve the life of urban and rural residents were accomplished satisfactorily. Social relief continued to develop. 26,000 persons received minimum life guarantee relief and some 50,000 received urban social relief. There were 3,039 beds in welfare houses and received 2,554 inmates. There were 2,097 community service outfits. The coverage of social security network in Tianjin's rural area reached 29 percent. There were 2,983 medical and health facilities and in which, 488 hospitals, 25 public health and epidemic prevention and cure facilities and 18 women and children health facilities. There facilities had 40,000 beds and in which, 39,000 sick beds were in the hospitals. There were 65,000 professional public health personnel and in which 30,000 were medical doctors. 8. Education: The education level in Tianjin currently has improved in comparison with the past. It is above the national average, but appreciably lower than that of Beijing and Shanghai. By the end of 2000, general universities and colleges in the city had 117,700 undergraduates including 45,500 new entrants and 13,800 more than previous year, 19,000 students that graduated in the year. There were 2,168 enrolled graduate students for doctor's degree and 10,392 for master's degree. Students graduated with doctor's degree and master's degree were 444 and 2,059 respectively. There were 80 general secondary specialized schools with 89,500 enrolled and 23,300 graduated. Various degree of vocational or technical education and adult education continued to develop, the newly enrolled undergraduate students of adult schools were 13,400, to total of 32,400 students enrolled. The popularization of the 9-year Compulsory Education further developed. There were 690 regular high schools enrolling 194,400 new entrants, enrolling 446,400 junior school students and graduated 123,900; and enrolling 124,100 senior school students and graduated 33,600; senior vocational secondary schools enrolled 74,600 students. The number of primary schools was 2,323, altogether enrolling 717,100 pupils including 100,500 new entrants, graduated 155,300. The enrollment rate of primary-school-age pupils was 99.99 percent, the enrollment rate of primary school was 96.13 percent. Quality education was promoted at primary and secondary schools in an all-round way, the quality of the students of primary and secondary schools improved continuously. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution Tianjin is one four cities under the direct administration of the central government and one important economic center in North China. According to 2000 population census, the total population in this city was 10.01 million. With a high concentration of industrial and social activities, Tianjin presents a great attraction to people, taking on the feature of uneven distribution of the population evident in big cities. Most of the population lives in the city proper and most of those in the city proper live in downtown districts. The population density in downtown districts is therefore relatively high. The population in coastal areas is relatively concentrated in Tanggu, Hangu and Dagang districts. The population density is higher in the plain areas than in the mountainous area and that in the high plain is greater than that in the low plain. There is a trend that the population density along the bank paralleling the flow of rivers is higher that on the bank against which rivers flow. A trend is also emerging that the population is becoming concentrated in areas along rivers. 2. Population History Since the foundation of the People's Republic, the administrative layout of Tianjin went through several changes. Hence, changes in the total population have presented some difficulty with regard to measuring the actual change in the total population. The change in Tianjin's total population shows a general trend of steady growth in absolute numbers and of relative increase. The changes follow three stages: the first stage (1949-1964) saw the rapid growth of the total population by 3.03% each year; the second stage (1965-1979) witnessed the slow growth of the total population at the annual rate of 1.06%, and in the third stage (1980 to the present) the population is growing steadily. From 1980 to 1990, the annual growth rate was 1.27%. Since 1990, the annual growth rate has been lower than 0.8%.The population situation maintains a positive trend in that it grows at a steady and slow speed. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age The general sex ratio of the Tianjin population has always been around 100:102. The sex ratio does not change much and the ratio value is small, ranking low among the 30 provinces of the country. The sex ratio was 103.99 on 2000 population census. According to 2000 population census, in the current 10.01 million population, the 0-14 age group numbers 1.68 million, accounting for 17.65% of the total population; the 15-64 age group numbers 7.50 million, accounting for 74.93% and the 65 and above group numbers 0.83 million, constituting 8.33% of the total population. 4. Fertility Level and Changes Tianjin is one of the cities that has been implementing a population program from an earlier time than others. During the period between the mid 1960s when family planning was advocated and the end of the 1980s, population development has been progressing well on a planned track. With the unique environment enjoyed by the big city, the total fertility rate of couples in Tianjin has declined very rapidly. Since 1989, reproduction has been relatively steady and at a low level. The fluctuating trend in total fertility has been characterized by a low level and a high imbalance between districts. The birth rate of the Tianjin population has been on the decrease since 1993 and reached a record low in 1997. The main reasons are 1) the decrease in women's fertility year after year and 2) the achievements made by the family planning program. In 2000, CBR was 7.72 per 1,000 and rate of natural increase was 1.55 per 1,000. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy In the 1980s, the number of those who died in Tianjin was 454,600, which is 1,200 fewer than the number who died in the 1970s. The mortality rate in Tianjin has been steady at 0.6%. In 2000, CDR was 6.17 per 1,000. Since 1993, a rising trend has appeared due in large part to the aging of the population, with more people entering into the old age group each year. The regularly compiled statistics show that over the 10 years in the decade of the 1980s, life expectancy in Tianjin has improved considerably. The average life expectancy at birth has increased from 70.70 years in 1980 to 74.44 years in 1991. 6. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type A sample survey in 1997 on population change showed the following changes in the marital status of the Tianjin population: an increase in the proportion unmarried, a decrease in the proportion without spouses, and a slight increase in the population divorced and widowed. In 1997, of the 7,744,000 person in the 15 and above age group, the male population was 3,818,000 and the female 3,926,000. Unmarried men numbered 671,000 and unmarried women 538,000. Men in their first marriage having spouses totaled 2,918,000 and women 2,989,000. The number of men not in their first marriage having spouses was 61,000 and women 56,000. There were 41,000 divorced men and 26,000 divorced women. Widowed men totaled 127,000 and widowed women 317,000. 7. Aging of the Population With the decrease in fertility and natural population growth rates, aging of the population has been gradually increasing. According to residential records, the population 65 and above rose by a net 17,200 from 760,800 in 1996 to 778,000 in 1997, up 2.26%. The figure in 1997 was 185,900 higher than that of 1990, an increase of 31.40%. The percentage of those 65 and above accounts for 8.65% of the total population, 0.18% and 1.81% higher respectively than that in 1996 and 1997. The ratio between the elderly (65 and above) and the young (14 and below) rose from 43.36% in 1996 to 46.63%. The rise in this ratio shows that the number of the elderly to be supported is becoming bigger, leading to an increase in the elderly dependence coefficient from 11.76% in 1996 to 11.88%. The mean age of the population went up from 34.18 years 1996 to 34.87. 8. Population Quality With the development of education and the change in the population age structure, the education level of the population is improving. According to the 1997 sample survey on changes in the population, the educated population six years and older accounted for 85.38% of the total population, 5.75% and 0.91% higher than the figure obtained from the fourth census in 1990 and that from the sample survey in 1996 respectively. This figure is 94.49% on 2000 population census and the illiterate rate was 4.93%, 4.00% lower than the figure on 1990 population census. Those figures show that the overall education of the total population has improved. 9. Migration and the Floating Population Residential statistics show that both the outflow and inflow of the migrating population in 1997 increased to a different extent over those of 1996. On balance, there was a net inflow of 10,500 migrants. A decrease of 45.08% occurred compared with the net annual inflow of 19,300 migrants during the "Eighth Five Years", indicating that with the development of the market economy, the migration of permanent residents increased and that the gap between the outflow and the inflow of migrants is narrowing. By district, the migration features in Tianjin are as follows: 1) The bulk of both the outflowing and inflowing migration takes place in the downtown districts; 2) Other districts rank second in terms of the net inflow of migrants and 3) Binhai District and another five suburban counties experienced a net outflow of migrants. Since the 1980s, the scale of migration has been expanding considerably characterized by the rapid growth rate, the large percentage of economically active migrants and the long period of residence. The inflow of migrants constitutes one-tenth of the total population of Tianjin. 10. Population, Resources and the Environment Tianjin is not rich in land, water or mineral resources. The rapid growth of the population has worsened the relative lack of resources in Tianjin. It is one of China's heavily polluted areas. In recent years, however, some progress has been made in the protection of environment and environmental quality has been maintained. In the 1997 appraisal of 37 cities with regard to the comprehensive management of the city environment, Tianjin was appraised once again as one of "the ten best". |
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III. Family Planning |
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The family planning program in Tianjin was started in the 1950s and has gone through four stages in its course to date. From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the total population is on the way towards growing in a planned fashion. Further, the reproductive pattern has completed the transition toward a modern one, creating an enabling environment for the city's economic and social development. The start of family planning and its reverses Thanks to the social stability, following the liberation of Tianjin in 1949, the improvement in people's living standards and owing to the restrictions on health facilities for the provision of services for the regulation of fertility, the birth rate went up substantially. In 1956, an IEC campaign promoting contraception was first conducted with the aim of reaching a wide audience. By the end of 1957, the family planning rate reached around 20%. In 1958, because of the wide-spread advocacy for "more people bringing more benefits" and the incorrect criticism of the theory raised by Mr. Ma Yinchu on population, the newly started family planning program in Tianjin was interrupted resulting in little being done to limit population growth during the 1950s and the early 1960s. In the wake of the difficult economic period in 1961, from 1962 to 1963, Tianjin went through a compensatory baby boom, with the growth rate in 1963 being as high as 4.061%, which caused much concern. The Tianjin Municipality decided to implement some contraceptive measures and allow abortion, playing an important part in deepening the family planning program. In particular, the practice of abortion free of charge was acknowledged and praised by Chairman Mao. In 1964, the Tianjin Municipality and Tianjin People's Committee issued the "Directive on Implementing the Family Planning Program among the Farmers in the Suburbs". Since then, the family planning program in Tianjin was expanded to rural areas and has made noticeable achievements. From 1964 on, the birth growth rate went down substantially, i.e. to 1.805% in 1967, with the rates being 0.986% in urban areas and 2.837% in the suburbs. In the second half of 1966, due to the Cultural Revolution, the family planning program was paralyzed and it faced drawbacks in the following several years. The recovery and development of the family planning program in the 1970s In the early 1970s, the family planning program was implemented in both rural and urban areas of Tianjin with the following characteristics: 1) putting the emphasis of IEC campaigns on the instructions by Chairman Mao concerning family planning; 2) implementing an education program on Marxist theory and popularizing knowledge about population and life science; 3) promoting good examples and their demonstrative role; 4) further making clear the family planning policy, and 5) attaching importance to (a) the set-up of the network for family planning services and (b) scientific research in the field of family planning. The new stage of the family planning program in the 1980s Since the 1980s, a comprehensive family planning program has been implemented and improved; it has the following features: Institutional development. The organization for family planning is integrated into the government. The internal organs within the City Family Planning Commission are in place and substantiated with related personnel over time. Completion of policies. Tianjin Municipality in time issued the following: "The Decision on Advocating Late Child Bearing and Limiting the Second Birth", "The Regulation on Second Births" and "Tianjin Family Planning Regulations". Clear regulations were established concerning advocacy for one couple, one child, situations where one couple can have two children, contraceptive measures and quality of care. At this stage, the family planning polices were legalized as part of the local law and family planning managed within a legal mechanism. Target Management. From 1981 on, the population plan was integrated into the city's overall social and economic development plan. Every year, the City Family Planning Commission issued demographic goals to each district and county. Toward the end of 1990, on the basis of the analysis of goal-oriented family planning management of the program, adjustments were made to improve the management, giving rise to more realistic goals for responsible management. IEC. Since the 1980s, IEC on family planning has been implemented in depth, leading to the emergence of a new situation. Social publicity was conducted on a large scale and comprehensive population education was carried out. Information on family planning was widely disseminated. Services. Since the 1980s, the population of reproductive age has increased rapidly, hence generating more work for the provision of contraceptive services and technical guidance. To meet with the need for family planning services, more efforts have been made to strengthen the technical aspects and to reform the management of contraception. In addition, more research has been conducted on family planning. Management of services at the grassroots level. In the 1980s, post pregnancy family planning services have been gradually replaced with the pre-pregnancy services at the grassroot level in Tianjin. Family planning services are well on their way to being standardized. The development of NGOs. In the 1980s, NGOs concerned with family planning and population came into existence, contributing to the implementation of the family planing program. Family Planning Associations at various levels assisted the government and the family planning departments in implementing IEC activities among the public. As a result, there has emerged a situation in which the public chooses the approach of self-management, self-education and self-service, enhancing the implementation of the family planning program. International cooperation. Since the 1980s, the Tianjin Family Planning Commission has increasingly instituted active measures to cooperate with the outside. In 1998, the Tianjin Municipality placed emphasis on the following five aspects: Transforming concepts to clarify the rationale for the city's family planning work; Speeding up the management with standard protocols to adopt the three main family planning working methods in rural areas; Deepening the management reform in urban areas to improve family planning IEC in districts; From the perspective of improving the quality of care, promoting the integration of IEC, provision of services and sound management, and Strengthening family planning service providers. International cooperation. Since the 1980s, the Tianjin Family Planning Commission has increasingly instituted active measures to cooperate with the outside. In 1998, the Tianjin Municipality placed emphasis on the following five aspects:
Accomplishments in 2000 in the field of family planning:
The data above show that the Tianjin population situation has been maintained steadily and that the provision of family planning services has been upgraded. These aspects are reflected in the rise of the family planning rate year after year despite its already high level, the decrease in abortion cases every year and the rise in the comprehensive contraception rate. Clearly, the provision of pre-pregnancy family planning services is improving each year. In the past 40 years, the family planning program of Tianjin has made remarkable achievements as follows: Decreased birth rates and a slowing of population growth In 11 out of the 14 years between 1950 and 1953, the birth rate was above 3.22%. Since the implementation of the family planning program in 1963, the birth rate has been continuously declining, leading to a slowing down of the population growth rate. In a comparison between the periods of time with and without the family planning program, during the 15 years from 1949 to 1963, the average annual population increase was 141,900, and 72,700 during the 15 years from 1964 to 1978; it was 107,700 during the 15 years from 1979 to 1993. The substantial decrease in the total fertility rate indicates a transformation of reproduction to the modern type. After 1950, the total fertility rates for the subsequent period were as follows: 1950, 5.38; 1955, 6.04; 1960, 4.67; 1965, 3.76; 1970, 3.31; 1975, 1.94; 1980, 1.35; 1986, 1.65 and 1990, 1.61. The figures above show that, since the 1980s, the total fertility rate in Tianjin has been below the replacement level. The rise in the family planning rate The first formal statistics in 1973 on family planning show that the family planning rate of that year was 65.34%; between 1973 and 1976, the family planning rate was below 70%; and between 70% and 80% during the period from 1977 to 1979. From 1980 to 1981, it was above 80% but below 90%. Since 1982, it has risen above 90% and reached as high as 98.27% in 1997. It was 98.51% in 2000. Changes in the age structure of the population The proportion of the population in the 0-14 age group is declining. The figures in the five censuses were 35.74%, 43.12%, 24.18%, 22.71% and 16.75 respectively. The bottom of the population pyramid has begun to shrink, showing that the population growth rate is shifting from a rising trend to stabilizing and even toward declining. |
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