Jiangsu |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Jiangsu Province 2. Area: more than 0.1 million square kilometers 3. Population: 74.38 million(2000 population census) 4. Capital: Nanjing City 5. Geography: Jiangsu Province lies in the area of South-east China, between east longitude 116° 18'-121° 57' and north latitude 30° 45'-35° 20', east along the Yellow Sea and across the North-China Plain and the downstream Yangtse River Plain. It has a long coastline, i.e. more than 1,000 km. Its climate is of the humid sub-tropical and semi-monsoon type as well as the warm temperate zone type. Shanghai City, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces lie on Jiangsu Province. 6. Natural Resources: Jiangsu is located in a plain, with abundant rivers and lakes. The proportion of plains and water surfaces ranks it the first in China in total size. The marine fisheries area totals 154,000 square km. It is abundant in marine life: yellow-fin tuna, hairtail, changfish, shrimp, algae and shellfish. Jiangsu also has various mineral resources, the best known of which are coal, phosphorous and china clay. 7. Economy: In 2000, the GDP of Jiangsu Province was 858.27 billion Yuan and its per capita GDP was 11,773 Yuan. The total amount of imports and exports reached 46.64 billion Yuan. Its total revenue of fiscal and its total amount grain production were 86.51 billion Yuan and 31.066 million tons, respectively. 8. People's life: By the end of 2000, Jiangsu had 35.04 million persons employed, accounting for 47.0% of the total population. The total value of worker and staff wages was 70.09 billion Yuan. Per capita disposable income of urban residents was 6,800.2 Yuan and per capita net income of rural residents was 3,595.1 Yuan. In terms of health services, there are 16,180 hospital beds and 25,360 doctors or nurses in the province. 9. Education: By the end of 2000, Jiangsu had 71 institutes of higher education with 451,800 students and 33,100 teachers; 4,222 junior and senior high schools with 4.34 million students and 250,200 teachers and 19,100 primary schools with 7.19 million students and 289,000 teachers. In the past years, the proportions in all education levels rose. In 2000, the illiterate population was 4.69 million, but in 1990, it was 11.56 million. The illiterate rate was 17.23 million in 1990, but in 2000, it was 6.31 million, down 10.93%. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution In 2000, Jiangsu had a population of 74.38 million. Its population density was 725 persons per square kilometer, ranking first of all China's provinces. Population density is high in the southern part of the province but low in the north. The three areas with the lowest population density lie in the northern part of the province. 2. Population History Since 1949, Jiangsu's population development can be divided into four stages: (1) 1950 - 1958, the first culmination of population growth with a natural growth rate (NGR) of 24.4 per 1,000; (2) 1959 - 1961, the lowest period of population growth with a population decline of 0.15 million; (3) 1962 - 1971, the second culmination of population growth with an NGR of 24.0-26.9 per 1,000; (4) 1972 - present, a stable period with a general decline in population growth. In 2000, the NGR declined to 2.56 per 1,000. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age In the second part of the twentieth century, the sex ratio for the province's total population become a little wavy, e.g. the sex ratios in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990 and 1997 were respectively 100.6, 101.5, 103.4,103.6 and 103.3. Nevertheless, in recent years, the sex ratio age group has tended to diverge from the normal value. In 1990, the sex ratio at birth was 114.88, which is high. But in 2000, the sex ratio was the normal value of 102.58. In 2000, the percentages in the age groups 0 - 14, 15 - 64 and 65 and above in the total population were 19.65%, 71.59% and 8.76%, respectively. Jiangsu Province has become an aged society. 4. Fertility Level and Changes Since 1980, the change in TFR has been wavy, but the general trend is toward decline. In 1990, it was 2.01, i.e. 0.11 lower than that of 1980. The CBR was 9.08 per 1,000 in 2000. According to a 1991 - 2050 population projection, the number of women of childbearing age will decline gradually as will their percentage in the total female population. This will contribute to a further decline in fertility. After 2000, the number of births per year will be about 1 million and the crude birth rate (CBR) will be around 12.0 per 1,000. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy In 2000, the crude death rate (CDR) of Jiangsu Province was 6.52 per 1,000, slightly rising from 6.10 per 1,000 in 1982 and 6.06 per 1,000 in 1990. In 1990, the life expectancy at birth of the Jiangsu population was 72.87 years, far more than the 66 years for the rest of the world, 61 years for undeveloped countries and 64 years for Asia countries. The life expectancy at birth of males was 70.39 years and that of females 75.40. According to the complete life table computed in 1990, the life expectancy at birth of Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Nantong are distinctively higher than that of Xuzhou, Huaiyin, Yancheng and Lianyungang. 6. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type In 1997, 14.6% of the population above 15 years of age were unmarried, 77.6% were married, 6.90% were widowed and 0.78% were divorced. Since 1949, the number of households has increased continuously; in 1997, the number was 21.641 million. Currently, family size is decreasing and the family structure is also becoming simple. In 1980, the family size was 4.03, but in 1997 it was 3.34. In 1990, the proportions of one-, two- and three-generation families were 16.02%, 64.59% and 18.56%, respectively. In 1990 and 2000, the average size of family households were 3.66 and 3.23, respectively, down 0.43 in 2000. 7. Aging of the Population In 2000, the proportion of the population 65+ was 8.76%, which indicated that Jiangsu had become an aged society. The characteristics of population aging in Jiangsu Province are as follows: a large absolute number of aged population; a higher growth rate than that of the total population; a high growth rate of the elderly themselves; female elderly dominating the proportion aged; higher growth rate of the elderly than that of economic development; unbalanced distribution. According to a population projection, in the next 40 - 50 years, the number of elderly and their proportion in the total population is to rise year by year. The numbers of the population 60+ in 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2040 will be 12.197 million, 16.665 million, 23.038 million and 24.047 million, respectively. And the corresponding proportions will be 15.79%, 20.45%, 27.85% and 29.03%. After 2040, their number will begin to decline gradually. Following the period of accelerated aging, the dependency ratio of the aged population is also expected to increase rapidly. In 1990, it was 19.58%, but the expected values in 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2030 will be 24.00%, 31.40%, 43.77%, 60.30% and 63.11%, respectively. 8. Population Quality According to the fourth census in 1990, the proportion of the population with a middle or high school education increased and that of the population illiterate and semi-literate declined. Compared with that in 1982, the population with a higher education increased 1.56 times; the crude illiteracy rate decreased from 22.74% to 11.05%. In the fifth population census in 2000, the illiterate rate was 6.31%. 9. Migration and the Floating Population In the five years before the fourth census, the total number of inter-provincial migrants was 1.4145 million, ranking the province second in China. The motivations for inter-provincial migration are as follows: marriage, work, business or position transfer. In five years, the total number of inner-provincial migrants was 1.1886 million. The characteristics are as follows: distinctive area difference; a dominant flow from the rural to urban areas; more young people than others; more males than females; relatively high education of migrants; the industrial workers dominating in term of employment composition. By the end of 1992, Jiangsu had had a floating population of 8.10 million, the characteristics of which are as follows: economic floating population dominated; mostly floating inner county; longer duration of temporarily living in an economically developed area than that in a less economically developed area; relatively high birth rate; less than half reported and registered floating population. 10. Population, Resources and the Environment With a large population with a relatively low level of education, pressure on resources tends to be serious. For meeting the ever-increasing population and the consequent demands, natural resources are over developed and the environment is becoming frail. |
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III. Family Planning |
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1949-61 In 1956, Jiangsu began to introduce knowledge of contraception and birth control. At the same time, contraceptive guidance clinics were set up, especially in urban areas. In 1958, the Birth Control Committee and other birth control organizations were set up. In 1959-1961, A period of serious economic decline, population growth dropped and birth control work was shelved. 1962-70 In July 1963, the Provincial Family Planning Commission was set up. Since then, the family planning program has been extended quickly. By the end of 1965, it had been implemented among three fifths of the total population. However, in the late period, after the breakup of the "Cultural Revolution", the family planning program suffered serious interference. 1971-78 In this period, the family planning program recovered and was strengthened. Population projections were included in the program of national economic and social development. Because of overall implementation of the population policy of "deferred, spaced and fewer" and strengthening the work of family planning technology, rapid population growth was controlled. 1979-89 In the 1980s, the family planning program was highly emphasized by leaders. Family planning organizations at all levels were strengthened to develop IEC and population policy was improved. Since 1979, the policy that each couple could have no more than one child had been energetically advocated. In the following years, according to the provincial condition and residents' needs, this policy was gradually improved. In 1987, the population policy was specified as: continue to advocate late marriage and late, fewer and healthier births, advocate that each couple have one planned child and let the couples who really have difficulties have another child in line with the policy. At the same time, birth control technology, healthier births and better childbearing and research were also strengthened. 1990-present In 1997, the system of family planning management by objective and responsibility was formulated and implemented universally. The accomplishment of the family planning program became one of the important items in leaders' office objectives and achievement assessment at all levels. The "Regulation of Jiangsu Province Family Planning" was promulgated in 1990. Detailed rules were publicized in the following year. They guaranteed management by law. Meanwhile, technology management and service were strengthened, new ways of birth control were extended, family planning financial management was improved and statistics and information management was standardized. Family planning insurance was also developed. Since the setup of the People's Republic, Jiangsu's family planning program has effectively controlled population growth and improved population quality, which produced distinctive social and economic effects. The CBR declined and family planning rate rose From 1949 to the end of the 1960s, except for the three-year period when the economy declined, the CBR was always above 30 per 1,000. After 1971, following the universal implementation of the family planning program, the population growth rate decreased gradually. In 1971 - 75, 1981 - 85 and in 2000, the average NGRs were 13.62 per 1,000, 7.33 per 1,000, 2.56 per 1,000, respectively. The number of people practicing family planning reached 97.74% of the total in 2000. Population quality was improved In 1990, the life expectancy at birth was 71.62 years, 2.13 years more than in 1981. The infant mortality rate was 22.43 per 1,000, less than in 1981. In 1992, the average years of education of the population 15 and above was 5.70, more than 0.23 years higher than in 1990. The population with a higher education in 1990 was 1.56 times higher than that of 1982. The crude illiteracy rate declined from 22.74% in 1982, 11.05% in 1990 to 6.31% in 2000. The demographic transition was accelerated Before 1949, Jiangsu was characterized by high birth, high death and low growth rates. Since the universal implementation of family planning, the province has gradually transited into the modern population pattern, namely low birth, low death and low growth rates. Advancing international cooperation and communication Since the 1980s, 53 family planning units have been set up in 14 counties and cities. They have received more than 150 officials and research visiting groups from WHO, UNFPA, USA, UK, Japan, India, Pakistan, Mexico, Singapore and Thailand. Through international communication, technological cooperation was enhanced. In 1993, the Joint China-Netherlands Nanjing Ou-jia Agriculture and Medical Production Co. Ltd., was set up and put into production. |
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