Hunan |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Hunan Province 2. Area: 211,800 square kilometers 3. Population: 64.40 million (2000 population census) 4. Capital: Changsha 5. Geography: Hunan Province is located on the south bank at mid-stream of the Yangtze River. Hunan, the name of the province, was given to it because most of the province is on the south side of Dongting Lake. The neighboring provinces of Hunan are Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiangxi. It is situated between 109°-114° east longitude and 20°-30° north latitude. The east, south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin is formed with Dongting Lake as its center. The mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the area and the plain comprises less than 20% of the whole province. 6. Natural Resources: Hunan has very rich animal and plant resources. There are 5,000 kinds of seed plants in the whole province. Among them more than 2,000 kinds are lignous plants, more than 1,000 kinds are wild economic plants and more than 800 kinds are medicinal plants. As for animals, there are 66 kinds of wild mammals, more than 500 kinds of birds, 71 kinds of reptiles, 40 kinds of amphibians, more than 1,000 kinds of insects and more than 200 kinds of aquatic animals. Hunan has 66 kinds of valuable plants and many kinds of rare animals. The coverage rate of forests is 34.3% and it is higher than the national average, at 13% and the world at 31%. Hunan is famous as the "home of nonferrous metals" in China. Already found are 111 kinds of minerals with proven reserves of 83 kinds of minerals, mostly nonferrous metals. The reserves of antimony take the first place in the world; Hunan has the title "antimony capital of the world". The reserves of wolfram and bismuth take the first place in China and manganese and vanadium are in second place. The reserves of lead and zinc also take the lead in China. The reserves, production quantity and quality of fluorite, barite, feldspar, sepiolite, and kaolin among other nonferrous metals, all take the lead in China. In addition, the average water resources in Hunan are 253.9 billion cubic meters. The average person occupies 3,756 cubic meters, about 1.5 times that of the average occupancy per person in China. 7. Economy: The GDP of Hunan Province in 2000 was 369.188 billion Yuan, which is a 9.0% increase over that of the previous year. The gross output value of agriculture, forestry, fishery, animal husbandry of the whole province in 2000 was 125,189 million Yuan, which is an 9.5% increase over that of the previous year. The total industrial output increased by 12.361 billion Yuan, creating and increase of 10.4%, up by 1.4% over the previous year. The per capita GDP was 5,639, the total value of import and export commodities was US$ 2.513 billion and the total financial income was 17.704 billion Yuan. Grain production was 28.750 million tons, a 0.6% decrease over that of the previous year. The main problems in social and economic development lay in the lack of the power for the national economy to recover steadily, the existence of serious structural contradictory, the difficulties of peasants to increase their income, the pressure on social employment and re-employment. 8. People's life: By the end of 2000, the number of the professional people amounted to 35,778.3 thousand, having decreased 235.5 thousand, among which there were 7,474.4 thousand municipal employers. The total wages of staff and workers was 37.719 billion Yuan and the average annual wage was 6,515 Yuan. The average per person disposable income of the inhabitants in the cities and towns of the province was 6,219 Yuan, which was a 6.9% increase over that of the previous year. The average per person consumption expenditure of the inhabitants in the cities and towns was 5,219 Yuan, a 8.7% increase. The average per person net income of the peasants in the whole province in 2000 reached 2,197.16 Yuan, 49.98 Yuan more than the last year, having increased 4.8% if considering the element of the price which dropped 0.7% comparing the last year. The peasants' per-disposable income reached 2,146.86 Yuan, 50.30 Yuan less than their average net income. The housing condition of the inhabitants in the cities and towns has been improved. The average per person housing area in the cities and towns was 11.75 square meters and 30.92 square meters for the inhabitants in rural areas. In 2000, there were 4,286 medical instructions, 27 more than that of the previous year and 198.8 thousand medical workers, 3,637 more than the previous year. There were 143.436 thousand beds for patients, having decreased 1.3%. There were 20.13 hospital beds per 10,000 population and 30.33 medical technical persons per 10,000 population. 9. Education: In 2000, Hunan had 52 ordinary institutes of higher education with 20,317 full-time teachers and 253,084 students. It had 5,355 secondary schools, vocational secondary schools, technical schools and regular secondary schools with 4.41 million students and 256,380 full-time teachers. There were 34,521 primary schools with 306,387 full-time teachers and 6.639 million pupils. Secondary education developed more rapidly than primary education and higher education developed more rapidly than secondary education. In the total population, the extent of education received gradually improved and the proportion of population receiving secondary education became larger. |
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II. Population Situation |
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Size and Distribution By the end of 2000, the total population of Hunan was 64.40 million, but this number was not evenly distributed. Most of the population has been concentrated since ancient times on both sides of the mid- and down-stream river valley of the Xiang, Zi, Yuan and Li rivers and in the plain areas of Dongting Lake in northern Hunan. These areas were plains with fertile land, convenient irrigation and concentrated arable land. It developed early and was a famous area for agricultural production and has remained so until now with superior natural conditions. The population density per square kilometer was 304. Late development, limited arable land, inconvenient traffic, inferior natural conditions and sparse population characterized the remote mountain areas in the western and southern parts of Hunan. The population density per square kilometer was from 200 to 300 people in some regions and less than 200 in others. In a word, due to its special natural environment and topography, the central and northern parts of Hunan were densely populated and the remote areas were sparsely populated and this situation remains to the present day. Population History After the founding of the new China, the total population in Hunan exceeded 30 million in 1950, 40 million in 1966, 50 million in 1976, 60 million in 1989 and reached 60.6580 million at the time of the fourth population census in 1990. The population was more than double the population of 29.8683 million in 1949. Population growth and change in Hunan has gone through five stages. The first stage (1950-1957): It was a period for the restoration and development of the national economy and favorable for population growth. During this period the contradiction between population growth and the development of a social economy was still not yet exposed. People neglected the importance of population control and it caused the population to rise in a straight line. The birth rate at this stage remained at the high level of more than 30 per 1,000. Due to improvements in medical health care, the mortality rate declined dramatically, the natural increase rate rose correspondingly and the first birth peak was formed in Hunan. The total population was 29.8683 million in 1949 and reached to 36.0324 million in 1957. The average annual growth was 770,500 and the average annual progressive increase was 23.70 per 1,000. The population reproduction pattern before liberation was transferred from "high birth rate, high death rate and low growth rate" to a new pattern of "high birth rate, low death rate and high growth rate". The second stage (1958-1961): As a result of some mistakes made in the economic policy and development principles of China plus the three consecutive years of severe natural calamities, the national economy suffered great losses especially in agricultural production and the living standards and health of the people worsened. The birth rate decreased from 33.4 per 1,000 in 1957 to 12.5 per 1,000 in 1961; however, the death rate increased from 10.41 per 1,000 in 1957 to 29.42 per 1,000 in 1960. The natural increase rates were -9.93 per 1,000 and -4.97 per 1,000 respectively in 1960 and 1961. The latter occurred in the "birth bust" period of population development in Hunan. The total population decreased from 36,0324 million in 1957 to 35.0798 million in 1961 and the average annual reduction was 238,200. The special situation of "low birth rate, high death rate and negative natural increase rate" appeared in population reproduction but it did not represent a trend toward the demographic transition for Hunan. The third stage (1962-1973): A compensatory baby boom occurred in Hunan through the overall readjustment, restoration and development of the national economy. The birth rate increased from 12.5 per 1,000 in 1961 to 41.40 per 1,000 in 1962, the death rate declined from 17.48 per 1,000 to 10.23 per 1,000 and the natural increase rate rose from -4.97 per 1,000 to 31.16 per 1,000 and even reached 37 per 1,000 in 1963. The second big baby boom occurred and lasted to the early 1970s. During this period, the "Cultural Revolution" began in May 1966. The population control work had just started to be suspended. The total population increased from 35.0798 million in 1961 to 48.0979 million in 1973; this was the period of most rapid population growth. Thereafter, it changed to a population pattern characterized by high birth and low death rates resulting in a high growth rate. The fourth stage (1974-1984): This was a planned population controlled development period in Hunan. China had incorporated population development within the development plan of the national economy since 1973 and the family planning work was popularized in the urban and most of the rural areas. The population control policy was inserted into the national constitution in 1978. The result of population control was obvious after advocating the "one couple, one child" policy in the 1980s. The birth rate fell from 29.21 per 1,000 in 1973 to 16.66 per 1,000 in 1984 while the death rate remained constant at 7-8 per 1,000. The natural increase rate went down from 21.15 to 9.46 per 1,000. The population reproduction pattern shifted from "high birth rate, low death rate and high growth rate" to "low birth rate, low death rate and low growth rate". The fifth stage (1985-1990): This was the third birth peak period in Hunan. The population born during the second baby boom began entering into the marriage and childbearing age group in the mid-1980s and this caused a big rebound in the birth rate of the population. After introducing the practice of the responsibility system for production by households with remuneration linked to output, the household production function was enhanced, the reproductive desire of peasants strengthened and the implementation of the family planning policy could not accommodate the new situation. All these factors also had some influence on the rebound of the birth rate. From 1984 to 1990, the birth rate rose from 16.66 per 1,000 to 23.9 per 1,000, the growth rate from 9.46 per 1,000 to 16.70 per 1,000 and the total population increased from 55.6132 million in 1984 to 61.1089 million in 1990. The average annual increase was 916,000, the average annual progressive growth rate was 15.83 per 1,000 and it remained constant to the middle of the 1990s. Therefore, the family planning work should not be slackened in the 1990s, otherwise it would again lead to a loss of control in terms of population growth and have serious consequences. 1990 - present: At the fourth population census in 1990, the total population was 113.368 million, but it was 126.583 million at the fifth population census in 2000, increased 13.215 million. The growth rate was 11.66% and annual growth rate was 1.07% comparison between 2000 and 1990. Population Structure by Sex and Age The sex ratio of Hunan was 109.02 in 2000. The population was 64.40 million at the time of the fifth population census in 2000. Of that number, 33.59 million were males, accounting for 52.16% of the total, and 30.81 million were females, or 47.84% of the total. The sex ratio was 109.02, a slight increase over that of 1990, i.e. 108.04. Hunan was one of the provinces with a relatively high sex ratio, which indicates man-made interference, especially in the rural areas. The phenomenon of a relatively high sex ratio existed in terms of mortality and migration. In 1990, the sex ratio of the young age group rose, and the ages for the sex ratio of those less than 100 became higher. The sex ratio of the peak age period for marriage went down. Besides, differences also existed between urban and rural areas and among regions for the sex ratio in Hunan. The sex ratio was high in the towns, then in the cities; the lowest was in the rural areas. In 2000, the total population was 64.40 million, the population in the age group 0 - 14 was 14.28 million, for the 15 - 64 age group it was 45.43 million and for those 65 and above it was 4.69 million, accounted 22.17%, 70.54% and 7.29% to total population respectively. Fertility Level and Changes Since the founding of the People's Republic, the fertility rate of women in Hunan had gradually declined, especially since the mid 1970s, with economic development and the implementation of the family planning policy, the reproductive level of women had been reduced to a large extent. The reproductive pattern for women changed from a natural one to one that was deferred, spaced and had fewer births in the 1970s and later to the family planning pattern of the 1980s. The third birth peak was from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s. The base figures of women who were in this exuberant reproductive period were large, the fertility rate was still relatively high, early and multi-births still occupied certain proportions and the task for controlling population growth was very arduous. In recent years, a decreasing trend in the level of reproduction appeared in Hunan, dropping to a lower level in the urban areas and to some extent in the rural areas. There was still a big gap with regard to the demand to control population growth, and effective measures needed to be taken in order to change the high fertility situation in some rural areas. According to the fifth population census in 2000, The birth rate was 11.45 per 1,000 and the natural increase rate was 4.66 per 1,000 in Hunan. Mortality and Life Expectancy Before liberation the mortality rate was relatively high in Hunan; it was not less than 25 per 1,000 according to estimation. Early after liberation (in 1950), it dropped to 20 per 1,000, it began to be less than 10 per 1,000 in 1967, 9 per 1,000 in 1971, 8 per 1,000 in 1976, it was 7.03 per 1,000 in 1981, 7.23 per 1,000 in 1990, 6.79 per 1,000 in 2000 and the total mortality rate has remained steady at about 7 per 1,000 in recent years. The population size constantly increased and the number of deaths went up year by year. Males accounted for a larger proportion in the total number of deaths; among the population who died in 1981 and 1989, males accounted for 52.48% and 55.46% respectively. The infant mortality rate reached 45.23 per 1,000 in the rural areas, 23.81 per 1,000 in towns and 27.47 per 1,000 in cities in 1990. Hunan had 250,000 old people above the age of 80 in 1982 and 375,400 in 1990; 89 people lived to be above the age of 100 in 1982, 186 people in 1990 and the age of death became higher and higher. Before liberation, life expectancy was estimated to be not above the age of 35. After the founding of the new China, with the speedy improvement in the quality of life and health, the average life expectancy was prolonged to a large extent. It was 65.43 years in 1981, and 68.14 in 1989. There were differences in the average life expectancy between the urban and rural areas. It was 68.81 years in cities, 70.01 in towns and 64.87 in rural areas in 1981 and it was 70.55, 71.49 and 67.61 respectively in 1990. The average life expectancy of females was higher than that of males. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type In 1997 Hunan had a population of 49.5130 million in the age group 15 and above, 9.7260 million unmarried, 17.3760 million in their first marriage living with spouses, 841,000 remarried with spouses, 395,000 divorced and 3.2990 million widowed. The proportion unmarried in the population of marriage age declined; of that proportion, the reduction among males was larger than females, but the unmarried ratio of males was higher than females. Regardless of the male or female ratio, those divorced were relatively few and marriages were relatively stable. The ratio of those widowed was declining, with the female population being larger than the male population widowed. The health level of the population improved to some extent. The average age for first marriages became lower and early marriages increased. The marriage rate went up and the proportion of the population with spouses increased. The ratio of unmarried male youths of relatively higher ages in the rural areas was high. The divorce rate went up and the proportion of divorced young people evidently increased.. In 1997, the number of family households was 18.5390 million, with 1.1970 million single households; the number of one-, two- and three- generation households totaled 2.0150 million, 11.9490 million and 3.3780 million respectively, and the size of family households was 3.53 persons per household. In 2000, the average size of family households was 3.44, down 0.32 than that in 1990. The changes in family size and patterns had the following characteristics: (1) The number of family households constantly increased although the average household size had already dropped to a low level. (2) The proportion of households with 3-4 people went up. (3) It was in sharp contrast that the households with two generations were going up and those with three generations coming down. Aging of the population At the end of 2000, Hunan had an aged population (aged 65 and above) of 4.69 million. This age group accounted for 7.29% of the total population, exceeding the 7% "aging society" level. The characteristics of population aging were as follows:
The economy and culture were not yet developed in Hunan when it entered into the process of population aging, while the people had a low average income per person. The changes in age structure for the aged population in Hunan from 1982 to 1990 were as follows: The speed of growth of the "old old" was faster than "young old", with the proportion of the young old in the total aged population decreasing and the proportion of the old increasing. The average age of the aged population went up and the age medians increased. With regard to the sex structure, the higher the age the lower was the sex ratio. The aged population was mainly centred in the rural areas followed by cities and towns. The educational quality of the aged population was low, the illiteracy rate was high but the divorce rate was low. The family size of the aged population was inclined to be small, but it was larger than the general family size nationally. The employment rate of the male aged population was much higher than the female and the employment rate of the aged population in the rural areas was higher than in the towns. Population Quality In 1949, Hunan had only five very small schools of higher learning (one private school), 321 middle schools, 32,700 primary schools. There were nine university students, 383 middle school students and 6,437 primary school pupils per 10,000 people. The attendance rate of school age children was 46.9% and the illiteracy rate was 80% in the whole province. In 1990, the total population in Hunan was 60.6580 million; there were 44.7818 million above the primary school level, accounting for 73.83% of the total population: among them were 689,900 people with a university level education, 4.8661 million people with a senior middle school level, 13.7042 million people with a junior middle school level and 25.5216 million people with a primary school level. The population with a different educational level per 10,000 was as follows: 1,137 university, 8,022 senior middle school, 22,593 junior middle school and 42,074 primary school. The number of illiterate and semi-literate people was 7.4256 million, accounting for 12.24% of the total population and the illiteracy rate was 16.99%. In 2000, Hunan had a population of 60.50 million above the age of six and 2.99 million illiterates and semi-illiterates. The population above the primary school, junior secondary school, senior secondary/secondary technical school, and junior college and above were 24.68 million, 22.96 million, 7.16 million and 1.89 million respectively. The overall educational quality of the population in Hunan was relatively low and there were big gaps in various lines of business and in the population of different ages and sex and in different regions. There were also gaps between the cities and rural areas. The educational quality of the male population was higher than that of females. Migration and the Floating Population Migration in Hunan could be roughly divided into two different stages: The period from 1949 - 1981: The reason for migration was mostly to comply with political demands. It was mainly passive but not spontaneous migration. The migration was mainly to the lower level such as to support economic construction in the mountains, and in remote and backward areas or to send cadres and educated youths to the countryside where conditions were difficult in order to temper them. The period from 1982 - 1990: Migration increased year by year, and the reasons for migration was mainly economic factors: work transfer, assignment and employment, study and training, living with relatives or friends, withdrawing from office and retirement, family members who followed with the migrants, in-migration due to marriage and so on. The migration proportion of the population who were engaged in industry and trade increased to the largest extent. Population, Resources and the Environment In the years since the establishment of the People's Republic, the rapid growth of the population and the sharp decrease in Hunan's arable land caused great pressure on grain production and the average grain consumption per person increased from only 247 kg. in 1950 to 444 kg. in 1990. The average energy consumption per person was also very low; the coal reserves per person were very low, at only 50 tons and this was 1/17 of the coal consumption per person in all of China. The contradiction between the supply and demand for water resources has been intensified with the rapid growth of the population. A larger population, less arable land and inadequate resources of arable land were the characteristics of the situation in Hunan and important factors in restricting the development of the population and the economy. The main population and environmental problems were ecological damage and environmental pollution. Firstly, water loss and soil erosion, desertification, forest decrease, and lack of water resources were the main features of ecological damage. Secondly, the focus of environmental pollution was the atmosphere, water bodies, flotsam and jetsam of solid bodies, and noise. These issues threaten the life and health of the people, restrict and obstruct the development and progress of the economy. With constant and penetrating publicity and education concerning environmental protection, the environment awareness of leaders at various levels and masses of the people gradually heightened. Hunan had established 497 square kilometers of flue dust control areas and 190 square kilometers where noise standards were reached. The drinking water quality index, the afforestation coverage rate, the industrial waste water treatment rate, the comprehensive management rate of industrial solid body wastes in cities equally increased to some extent and 1,389 enterprises with serious pollution had been closed in the process of tackling the problem. Due to the inadequate input for environmental protection, the discharge capacity of "the three wastes" still increased; the situation of atmospheric and acid rain pollution had evidently not been changed. |
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III. Family Planning |
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Family planning work started in the mid-1950s and it underwent roughly four development periods. Putting forward family planning and a relapse period of relapse of (1955 - 1961). After liberation, the social economy was restored and it developed rapidly; the livelihood and sanitation conditions of the people improved constantly and the population increased rapidly in Hunan. The birth rate remained above 37 per 1,000 from 1950 to 1953 and the total population of the province increased from 29.8669 million in 1949 to 33.4970 million in 1953. Early the 1950s, some women suffered a lot in terms of early births, births without spacing and multiple births, so they started to demand birth control. In 1955, the Provincial Public Health Bureau held the first forum on birth control and discussed the issue of contraception and birth control. In 1956, a provincial meeting on maternal and child health care was held; it was the first time for the leaders of the provincial government formally to set forth a policy for gradually practicing birth control in the whole province, actively publicizing contraceptive knowledge and giving full support to those who had excessive births and were eager to practice contraception and birth control. After the meeting, the related institution conducted a test at a selected point on birth control. In the same year, the provincial Women's Federation, Trade Union, Education Bureau and Public Health Bureau jointly issued an announcement and pointed out the following: besides publicity and guidance on health care during menstruation and pregnancy, they would actively publicize contraceptive knowledge in order to encourage women to have planned births and surmount practical difficulties for those with more children. In 1957, another announcement was issued and it demanded the launch of a massive publicity campaign on birth control in the whole province, and strengthening of the guidance on contraception and birth control in order to combine technical guidance with policy publicity. At the same time, the provincial and people's committees jointly issued "Instructions on further practicing birth control work" and requested various regions in the province to further practice birth control on a large scale, especially to strengthen the publicity and guidance on the birth control work in rural areas. At the end of same year, relevant leading agencies were rapidly set up and unified leadership practiced on birth control work. The birth control work was fully under way in the urban and rural areas of the province. In autumn 1958, due to the influence of the "Great Leap Forward" and the criticism against Mr. Ma Yinchu's population theory, the birth control work had to be stopped throughout the province.. The rise and setbacks of family planning work (1962 - 1970) After three consecutive years of difficulties with the economy, the birth rate increased sharply in the province from 12.51 per 1,000 in 1961 to 41.4 per 1,000 in 1962. The Provincial Birth Control Commission resumed its work and then changed its name to the Provincial Family Planning Commission in 1963. In the same year the Provincial Committee approved "Opinions on the family planning work" drafted by the Provincial Family Planning Commission and requested the urban areas to take the lead and then promote the family planning in broad rural areas. In 1964, the Hunan Provincial Committee further pointed out: On the basis of widely practicing family planning in the urban areas and firmly grasping the implementation, it actively conducted tests at selected points in rural areas and got it fully under way on the basis of summing up experiences. "The Second Provincial Meeting on Family Planning Work" was convened in Changsha in 1965. It requested that the birth rate be reduced from 42 per 1,000 in 1964 to 32 per 1,000 in 1965. It emphasized that various regions should start the work from densely populated areas in cities, towns and rural areas and strive as soon as possible to open up a new prospect for family planning. The vast rural areas rapidly set off a new upsurge in family planning activities. In December of the same year, the provincial committee again convened "The Third Provincial Meeting on Family Planning Work". It emphasized that the focal point on family planning work should be placed in the rural areas and serve the province's numerous peasants and their agricultural production. Just when the family planning work was fully underway in the whole province, the "Cultural Revolution" began. It caused a serious shock to the family planning work. Basically, control of births was lost and Hunan experienced a birth peak that lasted for more than 10 years (1962-1971). Period of energetic development of family planning work (1971 - 1978) In 1971, Hunan issued "The announcement on establishing the leading group for family planning work". It enabled the once paralyzed leading agency for family planning to resume its work. The key responsible persons at the provincial level repeatedly emphasized doing family planning work well in some of the meetings. From 1970 to 1973 the leading groups and working bodies for family planning were set up at provincial, prefecture, municipal and county levels and full-time family planning workers were provided. Leading groups for family planning were also established in many districts, communes and brigades and persons specially assigned to be responsible for the work or concurrently in charge of it. There was a great development in building the technical contingent. The main work of family planning was as follows: publicity and mobilization were widespread, various policies and regulations were made known one after another to the public, technical guidance was strengthened and the tendency of rapid population growth was effectively controlled. The birth rate decreased from 29.13 per 1,000 in 1971 to 17.84 per 1,000 in 1979. The total fertility rate of childbearing women in the rural areas dropped from 6.5 children per woman in 1970 to 2.4 in 1980. Great development period for family planning work (1979 - 1993) After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Conference of the Chinese Communist Party in December 1978, the family planning work in Hunan entered into a period of great development. The following work was done in this period: Firstly the leaders paid much attention to it and insisted on grasping "the two kinds of production" together. Leaders at various levels in the province incorporated family planning work into their agenda, practised grasping "the two kinds of production" together more tightly year after year. From 1990 to 1993, the provincial committee and government demanded the number one leaders in the party and government to grasp the work personally and shoulder total responsibility, and insisted on using "the two rulers" of population growth and economic development to judge the practical achievements of the leaders at various levels in the party and government. The responsibility management system was practiced on the population goal in the prefectures, autonomous prefectures and municipalities, From 1991 to 1993 the commissioners', mayoral and county magistrates meetings were held in three consecutive years respectively. Research on special topics for the family planning work was carried out, the implementation situation on the population goal in various regions was evaluated and the population awareness and the sense of urgency on population control of the leaders at various levels strengthened. Secondly reproductive policies, laws and regulations were further improved. In 1979 the provincial committee advocated that it was better for one couple to have one child and no more than two children and those who had only one child and decided not to have the second child should be praised and awarded. Thirdly the reform would be deepened and the overall development of all kinds of work for family planning would be promoted. Massive work had been done in terms of organizational structure, management systems, improvement of working methods and making full use of mass organizations. Fourthly scientific research on population and family planning had been constantly developed and relative achievements obtained from the research projects on tackling key problems of science and technology and the application of birth control techniques. Through the work from the mid 1950s to early 1960s, it changed gradually from natural births to planned births. Especially since the overall promotion of family planning in the 1970s, great achievements had been made in family planning work in the whole province.
Although great achievements have been made in family planning work, still some problems should be solved urgently. Some leaders regarded family planning as population quantity control only; they did not grasp firmly the concept of improving population quality and adjusting the population structure. The basic work in some places at the grass-roots level was not sturdy, the implementation of birth control measures was not on time and no strong measures were taken to improve the quality of services. The floating population increased, change of personnel was complicated, family planning work was more difficult and the management systems and working conditions of some household committees could not correspond to the demands of the new situation, The above problems need to be solved quickly with effective measures. |
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