Hainan |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Hainan Province 2. Area: 339,200 square kilometers 3. Population: 7.87 million (2000 population census) 4. Provincial Capital: Haikou 5. Geography: Hainan Province is situated at the southern end of China between latitude 35° 8'N - 20° 10'N and longitude 108° 37'E - 117° 50'E, being in tropical and subtropical zones. Administrative areas of Hainan include Hainandao Island, Nansha, Xisha, Zhongsha Archipelagos and their sea area. It faces Leizhou Peninsula across Qiongzhou Channel to the north, Vietnam across the North Bay to the west, and Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the south, and is closely joined by the South China Sea and islands. Hainan is China's second largest island, but its smallest province. 6. Natural Resources: Hainan is a tropical island and has a vast stretch of tropical primeval forests, mountain ranges, rivers and beaches. There are over 560 species of animals and 4,200 types of plants on the island. It has great mineral reserves and is rich in oil and natural gas. Among the proven deposits of minerals, iron ore and arenaceous quartz deposits rank the first in importance in China; natural gas, zirconium, nitrogenous fertilizer rock and gems the second; titanium the third; and oil-shale the fourth. Tourism has become a leading industry in Hainan. 7. Economy: In 2000, the gross domestic product of Hainan was 51.848 billion Yuan, per capita gross domestic product 6,849 Yuan, and the gross industrial and agricultural output value 57.755 billion Yuan. Total imports and exports were worth 1.288 billion US dollars, total provincial government revenue 4.491 billion Yuan, and the yield of grain 2.1224 million tons. 8. People's life: By the end of 2000, there were 3.3455 million employed, and the total wages of the staff and workers totaled 5,749.95 million Yuan, with the per capita wage being 7,408 Yuan. The per capita annual disposable income of urban households was 5,358 Yuan, and the per capita net income of rural households was 2,922 Yuan. The per capita living (floor) space was 15.64 square meters for urban residents and 20.50 square meters for rural residents. The outstanding amount of savings deposit in urban and rural areas by the end of the year was 40.474 billion Yuan, with the per capita level being 5,143 Yuan. The entire province had 20,600 hospital beds and 30,561 medical personal. There were 2.70 hospital beds per 1,000 persons. 9. Education: By the end of 2000, there were 5 higher education institutions in Hainan, with the number of enrolled students being 18,504 and that of teachers 1,571; 88 specialized secondary schools had 44,127 enrolled students and 3,145 teachers; 503 secondary schools had 435,789 enrolled students and 1,354 teachers; and 4,167 primary schools had 156,735 students and 50,339 teachers. The enrollment rate of school-age children was 99.71%. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution In the 2000 fifth national population census, the population of Hainan was enumerated at 7.87 million, accounting for 6.22% of the national total and ranking 28th among the provinces of China. Population density was 232 persons per square kilometer, which ranks 17th in the country. The increase in population density was more rapid in Hainan Province than in the country as a whole: 80% of the population are rural residents; population density is higher in urban than rural areas; the northern and eastern parts of the province are more populous, while the central mountainous areas are sparsely populated. The population is increasingly distributed from the central mountainous areas to the coastal areas. Hainan is home to 38 ethnic minority groups who are located mainly in the south-central mountainous areas. 2. Population History Since the founding of the People's Republic, the population of Hainan has experienced five phases between which the population growth rates varied greatly. With an annual population increment of 89,600 and annual population growth rate of 3.93%, 1950 - 1957 witnessed a most rapid growth in the population. Population growth slowed down between 1958 and 1961, with an annual increment of 31,600. However, the pace of population growth was dramatically accelerated in 1962 - 1969 as a result of a compensating baby boom, which produced 140,000 babies annually. A period of steady growth then followed between 1978 and 1980, during which the annual birth rate averaged around 23 per 1,000 and the reproduction was following a planned development process. The 1981 - 2000 period was a phase that had a great effect on the family planning program. Currently, reproduction in Hainan Province is well into the transition from a traditional to a modern regime. From 1982 - 1990, the growth in persons was 0.89 million, growth rate was 15.70% and annual growth rate was 1.84%. From 1990 - 2000, the growth in persons was 1.31 million, growth rate was 20.02% and annual growth rate was 1.78%. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age The sex ratio of the total population has been on the increase, as reflected in the four population censuses. The sex ratio went from 98.52 in 1953 and 102.51 in 1964, rising to 105.28 in 1982 and 108.91 in 1990. Sex ratios in Hainan Province were characterized by "four highs and one low", namely, high sex ratio for the total population, high sex ratio at birth, high sex ratio for the adult population, high sex ratio for the unmarried young population, and low sex ratio for the elderly population. The total population sex ratio was next only to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the second highest in China. According to the 2000 population census, males and females numbered 4.12 million and 3.75 respectively in Hainan, correspondingly constituting 52.33% and 47.67% of the total population, and the sex ratio of the total population was 109.77. In the 2000, the 2.16 million people were aged 0 - 14, representing 27.47% of the total; 5.19 million people were aged 15 - 64, representing 65.95% of the total; and 0.52 million people were aged 65 and over, representing 6.58%. 4. Fertility Level and Changes Fertility has declined substantially since the establishment of the province, from a total fertility rate (TFR) of 4.295 children per woman in 1981 to 3.03 in 1990. The 2000 crude birth rate in Hainan Province was 15.67 per 1,000 and the natural growth rate was 9.87 per 1,000. Population projections anticipate sustained growth of the population, which would hit 10 million by 2018 under a high fertility scenario projection. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy The crude death rate (CDR) stood as high as 30 per 1,000 in Hainan before the founding of the People's Republic of China. The last five decades are characterized by five distinct phases in mortality: mortality decline, abnormal rise, steady decline, small increase, and stability at a low level. CDR reached the relatively low level of 5.80 per 1,000 in 2000. There is a marked difference in mortality between the urban and rural areas, the rural areas being considerably higher than the urban areas. Mortality was observed to be high among the ethnic minority groups. Males have a higher mortality than females, and mortality becomes lower at younger ages and increases with age. Life expectancy at birth, which was around 40 years before 1949, was estimated to have reached 66.93 for males and 73.28 for females, according to the 1990 population census. Major causes of death in recent years are chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, and cancer disease. Once technological and medical breakthroughs occur in treating these diseases, new leaps in life expectancy improvement may be expected. 6. Marriage Status, Family Size and Type In 1999, there were 5.292 persons aged 15 and over in Hainan, of whom 28.55% were never married, 65.55% were married, 5.29% widowed, and 0.59% divorced. The never married rates are positively correlated with years of schooling. Lower education groups have higher rates of widowhood; divorce rates are higher for those with a college education and illiterate groups than for the intermediate groups. Proportions never married are higher among urban than rural residents. Proportions of persons with spouses are higher in the towns than in the cities and counties. The divorce rates are higher in counties than in cities and towns. The rates of those never marrying or divorcing are higher for males than for females, and females have higher rates of being married and widowed than males. Household size has been shrinking in Hainan, with the average size of family households dropping from 4.57 persons in 1990 to 4.07 persons in 2000. 7. Aging of the Population In 1990, Hainan had an elderly population aged 60 and over of 538,100, males being 233,800 and females 304,300 and the percentage of the elderly being 8.21%. The elderly population at ages 65 and over totaled 354,500, accounting for 5.41% of the total population. The oldest old population, i.e. those aged 80 and over, was 57,000. As age increases, the female elderly increasingly outnumber the male elderly. As a result of the growing size of the elderly population, the percentage aged 65 and above went from 3.91% in 1964 up to 5.47% in 1990. The elderly are living predominantly in rural Hainan, 80.89% of the 538,100 elderly persons aged 65 and above live in rural areas while the remaining 19.11% live in the urban areas. The age structure of the population of Hainan is typical of an adult type population. The 2000 population census showed that the percentage of population age 65+ to total was 6.58, but in 1990, it was 5.41. 8. Population Quality Looking at the educational composition of the population of Hainan, the college educated group numbered 81,800 or 1.81% of the population aged 15 and above. There was an increment of 60,100 or a 277.83% increase in the size of the college educated group between 1982 and 1990. There were 679,100 persons or 15.07% of the total, with a senior secondary education, which increased by 145,500 or 27.28% between 1982 and 1990. The group having a junior secondary education totaled 1,475,500 or 32.75%, of the total; the increase was 533,300 or 56.60% between 1982 and 1990. The group with a primary school education grew by 20.12% in 1982 - 1990, reaching 2,269,300 or 50.37%. Increases in all categories of education but decreases in the illiterate group characterized the educational composition of the population of Hainan. The illiteracy rate dropped, the top education groups went up in their percentages, and the overall education of Hainan's population reached the intermediate level among the provinces of China. According to the 2000 population census, the population at junior college and above was 0.25 million or 3.47% of the population aged 6+; at senior secondary/secondary technical school was 0.98 million or 13.69% of aged 6+; at junior secondary school was 2.56 million or 35.63% of aged 6+ and at primary school was 2.71 million or 37.72% of aged 6+. The enrollment rate of school-age children was 99.71%. The illiterate rate was 6.98%. 9. Migration and the Floating Population. According to the results of the 1990 population census, larger inter-provincial than intra-provincial in-migration characterized migration in the most recent five years, the neighboring provinces being the major places of origin. There were more rural than urban in-migrants, and migration for seeking jobs or doing business occupied the first place among reasons for migration. As a major destination for tourism in China, recent years have seen a tremendous increase in the number of visitors for sightseeing. 10. Population, Resources and the Environment The rapid growth of the population of Hainan has been aggravating population pressure on resources and intensifying the friction between population and the environment. Population expansion led to environmental pollution and resource depletion as a result of exploiting the resources and destroying the environment to meet the growing needs of the people in improving their lives. The heavy population burden impeded economic construction and development, and environmental degradation put constraints on the subsistence of the population. |
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III. Family Planning |
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Four phases can be distinguished in the history of the family planning work in Hainan Province: Phase 1, family planning publicity (1953 - 1962). Family planning was generally publicized in the period, with people learning and carrying out instructions on fertility regulation and family planning from the central government and the State Council. In 1962, general information and data on the benefits of birth control were displayed at an exhibition on family planning pictures, the same topics were also discussed during meetings in Haikou City and Qionghai County. This work, however, was not conducted province-wide, and population reproduction was in a natural state. Crude birth rates stood over 30 per 1,000 except for the depressed situation of the economic hardship in 1959-1961. Phase 2, beginning and reversal (1963 - 1965). Hainan conducted experiments in family planning among the Han population in urban areas in 1963, and extended into the rural and ethnic minority areas in 1964. The Hainan Regional Group for Fertility Regulation Technical Instruction was set up in 1965, and was responsible for family planning technical services. (It promoted the concept that each couple has two children with at least three-year spacing, later marriage, and contraceptive methods such as sterilization and IUDs be made available.) However, the family planning work was stopped during the "Cultural Revolution", leading to fast population growth with a crude birth rate well above 30 per 1,000 in 1966 - 1969. Phase 3, implementation in an all-around way (1970 - 1979). The Family Planning Leading Group under the Hainan Administrative Revolutionary Commission was set up at the end of 1969, and the family planning organization in Li Autonomous Prefecture and other cities and counties in Hainan were successively restored. The priority focus for publicity about family planning was shifted from urban to rural areas, city and county medical teams were organized to carry out publicity about family planning knowledge and technological instruction in rural areas, and domestically made pills and Chinese herbal contraceptives were made accessible. Research was done on some contraceptive technologies during 1974 - 1975, and progress was made on the development of oral Chinese herbal contraceptives. The practice of "males marrying into the families of the females" was promoted in Wenchang County in 1976. Rural people's communes developed a full-time position family planning in 1979, and the first huge and grand family planning publicity month was carried out in Hainan in the same year. The "Announcement to Print and Distribute 'Supplementary Regulations on Family Planning in Hainan Administrative Region'" was issued in 1979. This phase saw the preliminary effects of the family planning work in Hainan, as shown by the sustained decline in the crude birth rate from 1971 to 25.90 per 1,000 in 1979, with the lowest rate being 20.90 per 1,000 in 1976. Phase 4, a further deepening development (1980 - 2000). Hainan made a new great achievement in both theory and practice of the family planning work on: Policy evolution: Guangdong Provincial Family Planning Regulations were carried out during the early and mid 1980s, promoting later marriage, later childbearing, fewer and healthier births, with the emphasis on fewer births, namely, one child per couple, and a spacing of at least four years between the first and second child if arrangements were made to have the second child in conformity with the population plan. The government of Hainan Administrative Region transmitted the "Report on Conducting Serious and Good Work in Family Planning" submitted by the Regional Family Planning Office, demanding that birth quotas should be arranged following the principle of one child per couple with controls on the second birth and prohibition on the third or more births. The Government of Li Autonomous Prefecture of Hainan issued the "Announcement to Print and Distribute 'Provisional Regulations on Family Planning in Ethnic Minority Groups in Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hainan'" in 1983. Hainan Provincial Regulations on Family Planning were issued in 1989; these identified specific policies for urban and rural areas and ethnic minority groups. Births could only occur if the requirements of the plan were followed in terms of quota and spacing (at least four years). Awards were given to the units and individuals that had consciously practiced family planning. Institutional development: In May 1979, the Family Planning Office was separated from the health system, and Hainan Administrative Regional Family Planning Office was set up. Hainan Administrative Regional Family Planning Office was renamed as the Hainan Administrative Regional Family Planning Commission in September 1983, and subordinate cities and counties followed suit. After the establishment of Hainan Province, Hainan Administrative Regional Family Planning Commission was incorporated into the Hainan Provincial Bureau of Health, becoming Hainan Provincial Family Planning Office and being subordinate to the bureau. Hainan Family Planning Publicity and Technical Instruction Station was established in 1984, following by all the cities and counties. A contraceptive distribution station was set up in 1988, and Hainan Provincial Center for Family Planning Service was established in 1989. At the same time, Hainan Provincial Family Planning Association was organized, being responsible for establishing family planning associations and their activities at all levels. Publicity and education: The activity of "family planning publicity month" was carried out, efforts were made in education and training of family planning personnel and, in changing the old concepts in marriage and childbearing of local people. Family planning publicity was conducted in a wide variety of forms and through many channels. The major experiences in family planning. The two-way responsibility system for management of population and family planning targets was implemented since 1991, and family planning work has been done according to law and regulations, in terms of strengthening education and supervision, investigating and prosecuting cases in family planning, and management. Great achievements have been made in the family planning work in Hainan Province; the efforts in the last few decades have shown the following results: the crude birth rate dropped from 52.02 per 1,000 in 1962 to 15.67 per 1,000 in 2000. The natural growth rate dropped from 43.73 per 1,000 in 1962 to 9.87 per 1,000 in 2000. The total fertility rate dropped from 4.27 in 1980 to 3.03 in 1990. The high parity birth rate declined from 44.77% in 1981 to 12.11% in 2000, a drop of 32.66 percentage points. The age structure of the population was transformed from a young to an adult type, with the proportion of the population at ages 0 - 14 declining from 40.42% in 1964, 33.51% in 1990 to 27.47% in 2000, the proportion of the working age population aged 15 - 64 increasing from 55.56% in 1964, 61.02% in 1990 to 65.95% in 2000, and the percentage of the elderly people at age 65 and over rising from 3.91% in 1964, 5.4% in 1990 to 6.58% in 2000. |
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