Anhui |
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I. Basic Data |
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1. Name: Anhui 2. Area: 0.1394 million km2 3. Population: 59.86 million (2000 population census) 4. Capital: Hefei City 5. Geography: Anhui Province lies in the central area of South-East China, and the downstream of area the Yangtse River, between east longitude 114° 51'- 119° 37' and north latitude 29° 41' - 34° 38'. It is located in the warm temperate zone and sub-tropical zone. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Shandong and Henan Provinces border Anhui Province. 6. Natural resources: Anhui Province is rich in land resources: arable land and forests. It also has important water resources, tea gardens, orchards and mulberry gardens. It is rich in plant and animal life, with more than 100 valuable plants and animals. In terms of mineral resources, there are more than 50 kinds of mines, the majority are producing coal, iron and copper. This scenic province has numerous resorts and historic sites, such as Yellow Mountain and Jiuhua Mountain. 7. Economy: In 2000, the GDP of Anhui Province was 303 billion Yuan and its per capita GDP was 4,867 Yuan. The total value of imports and exports was 3.33 billion Yuan. Its total fiscal revenue was 29.04 billion Yuan and total amount of grain produced was 24.72 million tons. In recent years, Anhui has been one of the provinces with the highest production of grain, (edible) oil and cotton. However, from the national perspective, the economy of Anhui Province is small in proportion to its large population and abundant natural resources. 8. People's life: In 2000, the total wages of workers and staff of working age amounted to 28.94 billion Yuan. Per capita disposable wages of urban residents was 5,294 Yuan and per capita net income of rural residents was 1,934.6 Yuan. Per capita living expenditure of urban and rural residents amounted 4,233 Yuan and 1,321.5 Yuan respectively. At the end of 2000, the number of health institutions (including health offices and individual) was 6,705. There were 115 thousand beds in health institutions and 154 thousand health workers. 9. Education: By the end of 2000, Anhui Province had 42 institutes of higher education with 182,400 students and 15,100 teachers; it also had 4,621 junior and senior high schools with 4.228 million students and 186,300 teachers. Enrolment in the province's 24,281 primary schools was 6.44 million students with 273,700 teachers. |
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II. Population Situation |
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1. Size and Distribution In 2000, Anhui had a population of 59.86 million, the eighth largest in China. By contrast, its land area accounts for 1.45 per cent of the national total, ranking it the twenty-second largest province. Its population density is 429 per k㎡, about 3.2 times that of the national average. Population distribution is not even, being dense in the north and sparse in the south. The top four areas in terms of population density are the areas north of the Huai Plain, riverine areas, the hill area of Jiang-huai, and the mountainous area of west Anhui. The mountainous area of south Anhui has the lowest population density. The proportion of the population urban is low and that involved in primary industry is high. Although there are 53 ethnic minorities in the population of the province, their number accounts for less than 1 per cent of the total population. 2. Population History Since 1949, the population profile of Anhui can be divided into four stages: (1) 1949-58, the average population growth rate was 2.22 % per annum; (2) 1959-61, this period was marked by a great decline in the crude birth rate owing to serious natural disasters; (3) 1962-73, the average population growth rate was 3.11 % per annum; (4) 1974 to date, this period is characterized by controlled population growth due to the implementation of the family planning program. In short, Anhui's population is making the transition from high birth, high death and low growth rates to low birth, low death and low growth rates. 3. Population Structure by Sex and Age Anhui's sex ratio is somewhat high: 106.89 in 1990, 105.44 in 1995 and 106.61 in 2000. The sex ratio of the age group 0-4 is particularly high. In 2000, the proportions of the population in the age groups 0-14, 15-64 and 65+ were 25.52%, 67.03% and 7.45%, respectively. In 1999, the median age was 30.63. 4. Fertility Level and Changes Since the 1980s, the total fertility rate (TFR) of Anhui Province could be graphed as a U shape, going from high to low and back to high again. TFR in areas surrounded by rivers was lower than in the North-Huai areas. In 1997, the crude birth rate (CBR) was 15.8 per 1,000 and the natural growth rate was 9.3 per 1,000. According to the population projections by the high, middle and low variants, it is important for Anhui Province to consolidate the achievement of the family planning program. 5. Mortality and Life Expectancy In the first 10 years since the establishment of the People's Republic, the death rate declined greatly. Since the 1960s, the death rate has become stable. In recent years, the total death rate rose slightly, but actually the standardized death rate declined slightly. At present, the graphed curve of the death rate, which is "J" shaped became smoother. The difference in the death rate according to sex is reducing, but the difference in the elderly death rate between urban and rural areas is still large. In 1997, the number of deaths was 396,000 and the death rate was 6.5 per 1,000, slightly less than the national average in the corresponding period. The life expectancy at birth in Anhui Province has risen from less than 35 years before 1949 to 70.22 in 1990; that of males was 68.33 and that of females was 72.13. 6. Marital Status, Family Size and Type In 1997, Anhui's population 15 years and older was 46.623 million; of these, 9.577 million were unmarried, 34.02 million were married, 284,000 were divorced and 2.738 million were widowed. In recent years, family size has decreased little by little, but the total number of persons per household has risen. Single-person families, nuclear families and joint families are increasing, but stem families and others are decreasing. In 1990, the average size of family households was 4.14, in 2000, it was 3.51, down 0.63. 7. Aging of the Population In 1990, the proportion of the population aged 65 and older was 5.41%, but in 2000, it was 7.45 and the aged dependency ratio was 11.11%. The data indicates that Anhui Province has become aged. 8. Population Quality Based on the results of four national censuses, the general population level of education is increasing. The number of people educated has increased, thus pushing down the illiteracy rate. In 2000, the people were educated was 85.39% of the province's total population. The illiterate ratio was 13.51%. The attendance rate of school-age children was 99.70%. 9. Migration and the Floating Population The growth of inner-provincial migration has been slow. Its characteristics are as follows: working or business is the main motivation for migration; rural migrants dominate; economically developed areas are the main in-migration destination. In recent years, Anhui has been one of the largest net out-migration provinces. The destinations for out-migration are mainly provinces, especially Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City. The majority of in-migration is from Jiangsu and Sichuan provinces. Economic factors and distance are the two main determinants of inter-provincial migration. 10. Population, Resources and the Environment Anhui is one of the most populous provinces in China; it has a huge population base, high density and rapid growth. The population pressure on resources and the environment is increasing especially in terms of grain, energy, land, water, forests and mineral resources. Pollution from human activity appears to be increasing, thus threatening health and endangering survival. |
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III. Family Planning |
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Anhui's family planning program experience has been "zigzag". In 1963, the Province Family Planning Leading Group was set up, with the MCH Section in the Health Department in charge of specific affairs. In 1966, the Leading Group failed to work, owing to the breakup of the "Cultural Revolution". Until September 12, 1972, the institutions of the family planning program could not be recovered. After that, the Office of Family Planning was set up in the Health Department to be responsible for the province's program. In 1977, the Office was made independent of the Heath Department. For strengthening the family planning program, the Province Revolution Commission adjusted the composition of the Family Planning Leading Group. The Group included one of the Secretaries of the Province Revolutionary Commission and Directors from related departments. In 1982, the Office was promoted to be the Family Planning Commission, a functional department in the provincial government. The main measures are as follows: Developing rich and colorful activities for IEC frequently At the end of 1977 and at the beginning of 1983, two months of IEC activities in support of the family planning program were developed, respectively. In 1988, Anhui cooperated with six other provinces in East China; Anhui edited a series of peasant's instruction books on family planning. Anhui also successfully promoted the "Journal of Anhui Population", "Anhui Population Newspaper" and "Marriage and Childbearing". Formulating guidance to promote balanced development of family planning The basic principle is to reward the advanced and help the laggards. Anhui regularly held meetings to learn of the advanced's experiences. According to the Fourth Census, the Anhui Province Family Planning Leading Group enumerated 12 counties whose family planning program ranked as the last group for three successive years; therefore, it paid more attention to these counties. Formulating management regulations for the floating population In 1988, the "Temporary Regulation on the Family Planning Program of the Floating Population in Anhui Province" was formulated jointly by the Family Planning Commission, Public Security Bureau and Business Department. In 1994, "Detailed Regulations on the Family Planning Program regarding the Floating Population in Anhui Province" was promulgated and implemented. After 1992, leaders of 16 sub-provincial city governments signed with the provincial government responsibility contracts concerning annual population objectives. Family planning program index In 1993, the family planning index was included in the standard indicators of the comparatively well-to-do. In the year of 2000, the family planning rate was 97.64% and the contraceptive prevalence rate of married women was 91.78%. The one-child certificate rate 15.96%. Macro-management of the family planning program Cadres are trained in quantitative management of the family planning program to improve its implementation. In specific ways, the "adjusting strategy and focus on five changes" is generalized and extended. The five changes are to interfere early but not late, manage before pregnancy but not after pregnancy, manage deeply but not on the surface, manage quantitatively but not crudely, and manage frequently but not occasionally. In the key measures, the rates are emphasized. In macro-guidance, the "five of one" concept is extended. These "five" are focus management, a test paper, a front, a team and a crew route. Enumerating the implementation of "Integrated approach" and "Three emphasis" in an important agenda item for realizing "two changes" In 1997, the pilot project for an " Integrated approach" covered 81 counties. A sub-provincial pilot area and 20 pilot counties have been evaluated as qualified. Improving management by law In 1997, family planning teams were reorganized seriously, related files were sorted out, and contract management was extended. The slogan "Collected by township and managed by the county" on changes for family planning was also advanced. Since the implementation of the family planning program, Anhui has made great progress. Distinctive progress in the family planning index. Rapid population growth has been controlled. In 1997, the CBR was only 15.8 per 1,000 compared to 35.9 per 1,000 in 1971. Effective changes in people's fertility intention. Following the advancement of the family planning program, the population policy has been understood and supported by the people. New ideas about marriage and childbearing are fostered gradually. Promoting international cooperation and communication. The Anhui Family Planning Association has friendly cooperative links with International Family Planning in developing training and operational programs. The Population Institute of Anhui University effectively developed research with two American universities and the International Population Cooperation Committee. Promoting economic development. For successful implementation of the family planning program, Anhui reduced projected births by more than 10 million, which saves a great deal of expenditure and lessens the population pressure on society. |
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