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Examples of framework laws

South Asia

Bangladesh: Environmental Protection Act, 1995

India: Environmental Protection Act, 1986

Iran: Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act

Pakistan: Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983

Sri Lanka: National Environmental act, 1980 (incorporating 1988 amendments)

East and Southeast Asia

China: Environmental Protection Law of Peoples Republic of China, 1979.

Indonesia: Environmental management Act (EMA) 1982

Malaysia: Environmental Quality Act, 1974

Myanmar: Myanmar National Environmental Policy, 1994

Philippines: Philippine Environment Code, Presidential Decree No. 1152, 1977

Republic of Korea: Basic Environmental policy Act, 1990 (incorporating amendments). Enforcement Decree, 1991, (Environmental Preservation Act 1977)

Thailand: Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, 1992

Viet Nam: Law on Environment Protection, 1994 (1993?)

Pacific Islands Countries

      There is no framework law in most of the countries in the Pacific islands. Many countries have fragmented environmental legislation inherited from colonial era and thus outdated. PNG has set of comprehensive legislation, which was enacted immediate post independence. Fiji’s Sustainable Development Bill provides a comprehensive legislative framework for environmental management although the Bill was not yet implemented after completion of the draft in 1996.

Fiji: Sustainable Development Bill (Not yet implemented)

Papua New Guinea: comprehensive set of legislation though has not yet umbrella type of law, e.g. Environmental Contaminants Act (1978), Mining and Petroleum Act, the Environmental Planning Act, the Water Resources Act, the Dumping of Wastes at Sea Act.

Vanuatu: in the process of preparing a comprehensive set of environment and resource management legislation

Tonga: in the process of preparing the Environmental Assessment and Planning Bill (a comprehensive legislation).

(Reference: Synthesis papers on institutional arrangements and mechanisms, Environmental markets Asia: 1996-1997, A survey of environmental markets in 16 Aisa-Pacific countries and territories, SGS, etc)