Problem overview:

     Policies and measures: Command and control techniques can work well when there are key control points available. The shift to unleaded fuel and control of automotive emissions was implemented without a great deal of problem in most countries of the Region.

Background in summary:

     Reducing air pollution by command and control

     Increasing the scope of policy from transportation to transportation and environment: In Korea, up until 1980, emissions from automobiles have been regulated partially by the Road Transportation Vehicles Act. Then from 1980 onwards, the Environmental Conservation Act (ECA hereafter), which was enacted in 1977, was enforced. It includes clauses that regulates emissions from newly manufactured automobiles and automobiles in operation.

     Later on, policies were strengthened to be equivalent to international standards: In 1984, ambient air quality standards for automobiles were strengthened to the European level. In 1985, Enforcement Regulation for the ECA was enacted so the ambient air quality standards for the emission form automobiles was further strengthened.

     Installment of catalytic converter and mandatory use of unleaded fuel: This regulation imposed the automakers to adopt catalytic converters to all automobiles using gasoline or LPG manufactured after 1987. At the same time, use of unleaded fuel for those automobiles became mandatory.

     Finally, the ban of leaded gasoline: Since 1990, stricter emission standards were applied to all passenger cars operated in Korea. In 1993, Korean government banned the sale of leaded gasoline as noticed in advance. There has been no meaningful resistance or criticism to this somewhat rigid regulation. This regulation was enforced with other fuel quality regulations including standards on fragrant compounds, benzene, oxygen, and phosphate.

Peer Review Committee Good practice rating: (1 for the best, 5 for the lowest score)
Sustainability		Efficiency
2	Improvement in either the environment of economic condition with no harm to the other.	2	Cost efficient.
1	Sustainable over time (not one-off)	Process
Adaptability		-	Participation of the community
3	Location adaptability (can the project be done in other places?)	-	Participation of resource owners/users
3	Socio-cultural adaptability.	2	Partnerships between various actors (Governments, NGO, Academia, Private)
2	Level of development adaptability.	-	Degree of coordination and cooperation between government departments.
2	Style of government adaptability.	2	Ability to attract political interest/support
3	Degree of decentralization adaptability.	-	Procedures for feedback and review.
Comments on this example:      Countries are trying to encourage motor vehicle owners to switch from leaded gasoline to unleaded gasoline through similar policy schemes as Korea. This policy scheme is in fact very successful and has significantly decreased the use of leaded gasoline, the type of gasoline the produced black smoke that grays the air.      However, some people are not very optimistic about the future use of unleaded gasoline because they cannot prove yet that the type of gas emitted from engine combustion of unleaded gasoline is non-threatening to human health and the atmosphere. Sustainability of the project:      Sustainable over time (not one-off): Regulating the use of leaded gasoline by requiring all new vehicles to install catalytic converters will soon eliminate the use of leaded gasoline completely because as new cars are purchased and old cars become out of use, in the end, there will be only new cars that take only unleaded gasoline left on the roads. Therefore, this policy is not just a one-off benefit situation because air pollution produced from leaded gasoline will be eliminated forever. Adaptability of the project to other situations:       Process of decision making and implementation:      Policies and measures: In terms of effectiveness, Korean governments policy to ban the sales of leaded gasoline was impressive. Virtually no complaint was visible. Since six years already passed after the ban of the production of automobiles without catalytic converter, most automobiles were then already equipped with catalytic converter. Cost efficiency: