INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES AT LOCAL LEVEL:THE CASE OF KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1. Case study purpose and justification
2. Specific objectives
3. Research methodology followed in undertaking the study
4. Organization of the report

I. THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURAL RESOURCES AND TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT

1. Size, location and demographic characteristics of Kuala Lumpur and its environs
2. Economic activities and their development in Kuala Lumpur and its environs
3. Size of industries, their activities and development
4. Policy for development with future perspectives
5. Implications of current and future city development for the economy of the area
6. Institutional arrangements for decision-making and development planning, including central and local government and private organizations.
   1. Federal government: Department of the Environment
   2. Contributions by private organizations

II. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Water scarcity
4. Noise pollution
5. Impacts resulting from construction and development activities
   1. Soil erosion

III. EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND MEASURES FOR INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS INTO DEVELOPMENT

1. PLANNING AND DECISION-MAKING Planning aspects
   1. National plan
   2. Regional plans
   3. Tools used for integrating environmental concerns and development
   4. Public involvement in various aspects of participatory planning
   5. Other supporting measures for environmental planning and management
2. Institutional arrangements for environmental management
   1. Responsibilities of the Central Environmental Authority, local government and sectoral authorities
   2. Human resources and budget
3. Legislative requirements
   1. Environmental pollution control
   2. Protected areas
   3. Other areas of environmental protection and control
4. Technical criteria, guidelines and standards
   1. Environmental impact assessment
   2. Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan, 1984
   3. Vision 2020
   4. Malaysian Plans
   5. Other legislation

IV. ASSESSING INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

1. Development and environmental protection: a contradiction?
2. Environment and development in Malaysia: the search for a healthy balance
3. Development planning framework
4. Major environmental issues in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
   1. Air pollution
   2. Water pollution
   3. Solid waste pollution
   4. Toxic and hazardous waste pollution
   5. Green belt and recreational areas
5. Impediments to integrating local planning and environmental management
6. Conclusions

V. CASE STUDY: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN KUALA LUMPUR INTRODUCTION

1. Conservation and its objectives
   1. Water supply
2. Water resources availability
3. Protection of water quality and habitats
   1. River reserves and aquatic communities
   2. Catchment protection
   3. Groundwater supply
   4. Nature of groundwater legislation
   5. Problems with groundwater in Kuala Lumpur
   6. Water resources and environment
   7. Water quality assessment
   8. Recent water woes
4. Water resources planning and development

VI. PROBLEMS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANNED ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES INTRODUCTION

1. Manpower and enforcement
2. Institutional and legal framework
3. Comprehensive environmental planning
4. Public awareness and concern
5. Financial constraints
6. Solid waste
7. Availability of, and access to, anti-pollution technology: the case of palm oil and rubber industry discharges
8. Air pollution
9. Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan
   1. Flash floods and soil erosion
   2. Built-up environment
10. Conclusions

VII. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS: SOME POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS INTRODUCTION: GOVERNING THE FUTURE

1. State of the environment in Kuala Lumpur city
2. Setting priorities
3. Policy reform
4. Strengthening institutional capacity
5. Increasing public and private sector investment
6. Improved technology and technology transfer
7. Environmental network
8. Transportation
9. Environmental education
10. Solid waste management
11. Clean air
12. Clean water
13. Industry

Annexes

1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION-MAKING AND DEVELOPING PLANNING
2. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PRIVATIZATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: KUALA LUMPUR EXPERIENCE

REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. City Hall of Kuala Lumpur departments involved in environmental activities
• Table 2. Legislation related directly or indirectly to environmental management in Malaysia

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