Integrating Environmental Considerations into the Economic Decision-Making Process
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DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN SHENYANG CITY

DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN SHENYANG CITY, CHINA

Contents

  1. PROCESS OF URBANIZATION AND CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
    1. Embryonic form of the city
    2. Industrial colonial city of strategic importance in North-East Asia
    3. Heavy industrial base in the new China
      1. Process of heavy industrialization
      2. Process of urbanization
      3. Urbanization expansion in the region
      4. Serious environmental impact
    4. Present metropolis


  2. SHENGYANG CITY DEVELOPMENT: CURRENT SITUATION
    1. Advantages of location
    2. Features and size of economic development
      1. Rapid development of the national economy, and industrial structure
      2. Rapidly developing tertiary industry
      3. Comprehensive industrial base
    3. Current situation of urbanization
      1. City nature
      2. Demographic size of the city
      3. Spatial structure of the metropolis
      4. Dynamic mechanism of Shenyang urbanization
      5. Developing traffic and communications, and improving the investment environment
    4. Implications of current and future Shenyang City developments for the economy of the area


  3. SHENYANG CITY: CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION
    1. Resource and environmental problems
      1. Shortage of water resources
      2. Loss of water and soil, and desertification
      3. Declining underground water level
      4. Flood disasters
      5. Environmental pollution
    2. Assessment and changing trends of environmental quality in Shenyang City
      1. Air quality
      2. Surface water
      3. Underground water
      4. Noise
    3. Building sustainable development capabilities in Shenyang City: environmental improvement
      1. Gas and water supply, and drainage facilities
      2. Pollution control and city afforestation
      3. Ecological design and sustainable suburban agriculture


  4. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE LIAONING MIDDLE CITY GROUP, WITH SHENYANG AS THE CORE
    1. Middle city group
      1. Development of the middle city group
      2. Spatial structure of the middle city group
    2. Environmental problems of the middle city group
      1. Declining level of groundwater
      2. Water pollution
      3. Air pollution
      4. Solid waste pollution
      5. Noise pollution
      6. Soil pollution
      7. Water shortage
    3. Projections of environmental pollution trends in the middle city group
      1. Total discharge of wastewater
      2. Total solid waste production
      3. Amount of industrial solid waste accumulation
    4. Environmental planning in the middle city group
      1. Sewage treatment
      2. Comprehensive treatment of solid waste
      3. Ecological planning


  5. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
    1. Institutional systems for environmental management and socio-economic development planning in China
      1. Institutional system of socio-economic and social development planning in China
      2. Institutional system of environmental management in China
      3. Interaction/links between planning and environmental management
    2. Relationships between the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau and relevant departments of the Shenyang municipal government
      1. Shenyang municipal government structure
      2. Relationships between the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau and relevant departments of the Shenyang municipal government
    3. Shenyang development planning and environmental planning process
      1. Shenyang development planning process
      2. Formulation and implementation of Shenyang environmental planning
    4. Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau responsibilities
      1. Composition of the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau
      2. Main responsibilities of the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau
      3. Responsibilities and division of work in environmental protection
    5. Environmental legislation
      1. Formulation of local laws and regulations in Shenyang
      2. Application of environmental laws
      3. Cases of local laws and regulation implementation
    6. Technology indexes and standards
      1. Environmental monitoring indexes in Shenyang
      2. Environmental quality standards applied in Shenyang
      3. Pollutant discharge standards applied in Shenyang
      4. Environmental protection goal for Shenyang in 2010
      5. Index system of urban comprehensive environmental quality in Shenyang
    7. Assessment of integrating environmental measures into development planning
      1. Integration of environmental planning into development planning
      2. Strengthening participation in integrated decision-making
      3. Comprehensive urban environment administration
      4. Intensity of implementing environmental laws
      5. Environmental management of construction projects
      6. Environmental monitoring as a tool for integrating the environment into the development process
      7. Review of environmental science and technology research
      8. Environmental education and awareness campaigns
    8. Case study of environmental management: controlling pollution from suburban galvanization factories through total cooperation
      1. Outline
      2. Basic process and measures
      3. Major contribution to environmental enhancement
      4. Experience gained
    9. Problems in the implementation of environmental measures
      1. Adequate or inadequate environmental legislation and management
      2. Constraints in enforcing incentive-based measures
      3. Limitations of EIA and the "three synchronizations" and payments for discharging pollutants
      4. Limitation of coordination among the agencies
      5. Limited participation and lack of funding
    10. Policy recommendations
      1. Coordination
      2. Participation
      3. Legislation and its popularization
      4. Intercity institutional arrangements in the Liaoning middle city group
      5. Increasing investment in the environment


  6. TOWARDS THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: FUTURE PERSPECTIVE AND POLICY OF DEVELOPMENT IN SHENYANG
    1. Future perspective of Shenyang City development
    2. Policy for future development
      1. Transforming economic growth pattern and adjusting industry structure
      2. Adjusting the energy structure
      3. Adjusting urban planning and controlling the extent of urban land use
      4. Strengthening the infrastructure
      5. Expanding green areas
      6. Song-liao canal and urban sustainable development
      7. Expressway system
      8. "Liaoning illness" and urban sustainable development


    ANNEX

List of tables

  1. Population and land-use structure of the Shenyang metropolis region
  2. Classification of the synthetic index
  3. Average of atmospheric synthetic index in Shenyang, 1991 to 1995
  4. Population density and economy of the middle city group
  5. Projections of wastewater discharge (Million tons/year)
  6. Projections of solid waste production
  7. Projections of industrial solid waste accumulation
  8. City sewage treatment construction projects
  9. Control targets of the water quality guidelines for city sections on the river systems
  10. Solid waste treatment projects
  11. Environmental monitoring indexes
  12. Basic environmental science research costs and awards in Shenyang, 1991-1995

List of Figures

  1. Urbanization of the population
  2. Diagram illustrating economic growth versus discharges of pollutants
  3. Administrative regionalization of Shenyang
  4.  
  5. Distribution of soil and water losses in Shenyang 
  6. Distribution of desertification in Shenyan
  7. Flood and water-logging area of Shenyang
  8. Changes in TSP levels
  9. Changes in SO2 and NOx levels
  10. Changes in dust and CO levels
  11. Changes in the COD and BOD levels in the Shenyang section of the Hunhe River
  12. Changes in the annual averages of oil and volatile phenolphthalein in the Shenyang section of the Hunhe River
  13. Changes in BOD in the Mahu part of the Shenyang section of the Hunhe River
  14. Average annual changes in volatile phenolphthalein levels in underground water.
  15. Synthetic assessment of underground water in Shenyang, 1995
  16. Average annual changes in NO3-N levels in underground water
  17. Average annual changes in NH-3-N levels in underground water
  18. Benign recycling of an agricultural ecological breeding farm
  19. Map of the city system in Liaoning province
  20. Area of excess groundwater extraction in Liaoning province (Zhang Qide and others, 1991).
  21. Basic planning system in China
  22. Levels of planning
  23. Basic admininstative Institution composition
  24. Links between the Planning Commissions and environmental protection agencies
  25. Shenyang municipal organization
  26. The various district and county (city) governments under the jurisdiction of the Shenyang municipal goverment
  27. Procedure for intergrating environmental planning into development planning
  28. Interactions among the various sectors in implementing environmental planning
  29. Index system of comprehensive urban environmental qualitly in Shenyang
  30. Ecological economic construction planning procedure in the Shenyang development zone
  31. Map of the north-to-south water transfer project
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