III. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING AND URBAN PLANNING

[ III-A | III-B | III-C | III-D | III-E | III-F | III-G | III-H ]

B. Urban comprehensive environmental harnessing

[ B | B-1 | B-2 | B-3 | B-4 ]

2. Goals of environmental protection and the index system identified for urban comprehensive environment harnessing in Shanghai

If measures are not taken immediately, the current and future economic loss from environmental degradation will increase from l.5 billion yuan in 1993 to 4.6 billion by the year 2000. By 2005, this loss will double to 11.3 billion and reach 44.2 billion yuan by 2020. If additional economic loss is considered due to loss of bio-diversity and degradation of air and water environment, the above figure will hit 10.0 billion and 91.9 billion by 2000 and 2020 respectively. Currently, such economic loss is about 2 per cent of GDP of Shanghai. 

(a) Goals in environmental protection 

(i) Overall goal

 

According to the general strategies for the urban and socio-economic development of Shanghai, the overall goal of environmental protection has been determined as follows. 

By 2000, a primary framework of environmental protection which is suitable for an international metropolis should be established. On the premise that the economy continues to grow at a fast rate, this framework needs to produce a sharp reduction in pollutants by adjustment of the sectorial structure and rationalization of the urban layout along with an improvement in urban infrastructure. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction are expected to be controlled, and each environmental function zone is expected to meet its own environmental quality standards. In general, the overall quality of the environment should improve as Shanghai establishes itself as an international metropolis. 

By 2010, with the deepening of the reform and opening policy, the rise of Pudong and rejuvenation of Shanghai, development and environment should reach a higher level of harmony. All environmental function zones will be completely established, and the urban environment will arrive at a level which can be identified as a modern eco-civilized metropolis where man and nature can live in harmony. 
 

(ii) Objectives in water environment protection

 

To enhance the utilization rate of water resources, to protect drinking water sources, to curb the volume of waste water discharge, to increase the treatment rate of waste water and to reduce the discharge of industrial waste water, form the primary measures being taken to promote the water environment quality. With regard to functional zoning, the aim is to reach category II-IV of the national standard before 2000. Quality should be increased further by half a class by 2010.

Table 5. Objectives of functional zoning of water environment 

	Functional zones
	Class I Drinking water source protection zone	Class 2 Quasi water source Protection zone	Class 3 General-use water zone
2000	II	III	IV
2010	I-II	II-III	III-IV

(iii) Objectives in air environmental protection

 

By the year 2000, air quality in different functional zones will range from class 1 - class 3 in the national standard. A half a class increase should be achieved by 2010. 
 

Table 6. Objectives of functional zoning of air environment 

	Functional zones
	Class I Natural reserves, scenic resorts	Class 2 Residential, commercial and rural areas	Class 4 General industrial zones	Class 5 Heavy industrial zones
2000	Class I	Class I	Class I	Class II-III
2010	Class I	Class I	Class I-II	Class II

(iv) Objectives in noise reduction

 

The objectives are reflected by the percentage rate achieved in meeting the national noise standards for different urban functional zones.

Table 7. Objectives of noise reduction 

	Functional zones
	Class 0 Special residential area	Class I Residential area	Class 2 Commercial area	Class 3 Industrial zone	Class 4 Main traffic lines	Class 5 Area along main traffic lines
2000	100	70	70	98	70	70
2010	100	90	90	100	90	90

(v) Objectives in disposal of solid waste

 

The primary aims are to increase the disposal rate of domestic garbage through burying, burning and fertilizer production, and to increase the disposal rate of industrial solid wastes, especially the hazardous types. 

The two rates should reach 100 per cent by the year 2000.

(vi) Objectives in afforestation

 

The green coverage is projected to be 25 per cent by 2000 and 35 per cent by 2010, while the average green area per capita is to be 4 sq m by 2000 and 8 sq m by 2010.

A series of single indices which fall into three groups are constituted from the above mentioned general goals and objectives. 

Table 8. The index system of urban comprehensive environment harnessing 

	Index system for urban comprehensive environment harnessing in Shanghai	1993	2000	2010
Indices of urban environmental quality	Annual daily average concentration of TSP (mg/m3)	0.25	0.20	0.15
	Annual daily average concentration of dustfall (tons/km2 month)	15.8	12	10
	Annual daily average concentration of SO2 (mg/m3)	0.05	0.05	0.03
	Water quality in water source reserves in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River (category).	III	II-III	II
	Source water quality in the Yangtze River (category)	II	I-II	I-II
	Water quality in the Suzhou River (category)	-	V	IV
	Qualification rate of drinking water (per cent)	92.87	100	100
	Average sectional noise (dB(A))(day/night)	62.9/53.8	60/50	57/47
	Average noise along main traffic lines (dB(A)) (day/night)	75.6/67.5	70/65	70/60
Synthesized indices of urban environment	Popularization of household gas	78.5	90	98
	Rate of meeting standards by automobile exhaust gas	80.5	90	98
	Coverage of zones with smoke and dust under control	98	100	100
	Coverage of "quite street" (per cent)	31	70	90
	Discharge of domestic sewage (million tons/y)	750	1400	1700
	Coverage of urban sewage system (per cent)	47	70	93
	Treatment rate of domestic sewage (per cent)	24.2	65	90
	Discharge of domestic garbage (thousand t/y)	3006	3350.7	3741.3
	Disposal of domestic garbage (per cent)	30	100	100
	Average green area per capita (m2)	1.15	4	8
	Green coverage (per cent)	17	20-25	30-35
Indices for industrial pollutant Discharge control	Emission of industrial smoke (thousand t/y) and absorption of such smoke (thousand t/y)	148/2791.4	180/5490	150/9490
	Emission of industrial dust (thousand t/y) and absorption of such dust (thousand t/y)	65.8/1230	50/1800	40/2200
	Emission of SO2 (thousand t/y) and absorption of SO2 (thousand t/y)	357/37	250/440	200/1200
	Treatment rate of industrial waste gas (per cent)	92.3	95	98
	Treatment rate of process emission (per cent)	70	80	90
	Discharge of industrial waste water (billion t/y)	1.28	1.3	1.3
	Discharge of industrial waste water for every Yuan 10,000 industrial output	48.9	40	30
	Discharge of COD (thousand t/y) and treatment of COD (thousand t/y)	167.5/150	130/180	100/210
	Recycling of industrial water (per cent)	65	70	75
	Treatment rate of industrial wastewater (per cent)	82.3	90	100
	Qualified discharge rate of industrial waste water (per cent)	70.8	80	90
	Generation of industrial solid waste (thousand t/y)	1140	0	0
	Disposal rate of industrial solid waste (per cent)	98.56	100	100

(i) Coordination of socio-economy and environment in Shanghai

 

Considering the coordinated development to be achieved between socio-economy and environment, three other categories of indices, i.e. economic, social and environmental, including 13 sub-indices and 28 single indices, are identified from their counterparts in advanced cities around the world. Modifications are made when introducing them to measure the degree of coordination between economy and environment existing in Shanghai in the hope of providing direction for the long--term development plan of Shanghai. 

The weights of various indices are identified employing judgment matrixes by distinguished professionals in each field, while the indices are compared to their counterparts in New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Frankfurt, Chicago, Sydney, Toronto, Hong Kong and Singapore. After the three categories of indices and the overall index are calculated for each city mentioned above, they are classified, then the scores of Shanghai are applied to the classes to show the degree of coordinated development being achieved in Shanghai. 

The following are the scores of Shanghai over the three categories of indices and overall index: 

Environmental index	0.46
Economic index	0.36
Social index	0.52
Overall index	0.43

Table 9 shows a comparison of the above indices between Shanghai and other major cities of the world.

Table 9. Indices indicating the degree of coordinated development between socio-economy and environment between Shanghai and other major cities of the world 

	Environmental	Economic	Social	Overall	Degree of coordination
Shanghai	0.46	0.36	0.52	0.43	Non-coordination
International maximum	1.51	2.31	1.93	1.99	Coordination
International minimum	0.32	0.26	0.31	0.29	Non-coordination
First grade international	1.19	1.52	1.39	1.39	Fair coordination

(ii) Identification of indices for reaching a coordinated development between socio--economy and environment

 

In order to identify such indices, many research results and policies are referenced. They are Socio-economic Development Strategy Leading Shanghai to 21st century, Modern Urban Planning of Shanghai in 21st century, Modern Urban Infrastructure in Shanghai and Goals in Environmental Protection in Shanghai. Table 10 shows the detailed 29 indices for 2010 spanning social, economic and environmental aspects. 

Calculated from the 29 indices, the three categories of indices and overall index of Shanghai are: 

Environmental index is 1.05 which is equal to that of Hong Kong and Singapore at present. That means that by 2010 the environment of Shanghai could reach the general international level of the 1990s. 

Economic index is 1.58 which is higher than that of first grade international cities. 

Social index is 1.11 which is between that of first grade international cities and regional international metropolises. 

The overall index is 1.31 which indicates the development between the society, economy and environment could reach a satisfactory harmony. 

As a result, the 29 indices provide guidelines to arrive at a balanced development in Shanghai between society, economy and environment.

Table 10. Current and planned indices indicating the coordination of social, economic and environmental development  

Indices	Units	Current value	Planned value
Average green am per capita	m2/person	1.15	8.00
Green coverage.	per cent	15.10	35.00
Coverage of sewage system	per cent	47.00	93.00
Treatment rate of do made sewage	per cent	12.90	90.00
Average annual daily concentration of SO2	mg/m3	0.09	6.03
Average annual daily concentration of TSP	mg/m3	0.28	0.15
Average concentration of DO	mg/l	4.53	6.00
Urban sectional noise	dB(A)	60.70	57.00
Disposal rate of domestic garbage	per cent	50.00	100.00
Average living space per capita	m2/person	7.10	13.50
GDP	$billion	17.6	400
GDP per capita	$	1362	25841
Proportion of the tertiary sector in GDP	per cent	37.90	60.00
Proportion of employees in the tertiary sector	per cent	31.20	50.00
Proportion of employees in the manufacturing industry	per cent	53.90	28.00
Proportion of employees in finance, insurance and real estate	per cent	1.80	5.74
Total value of import and export	$billion	30.9	248.0
Proportion of environmental investment in GDP	per cent	2.00	2.5-3.0
Population density	person/km2	2000	2460
Population density in central city	10,000 person/km2	1.05	1.00
Life expectancy	years	76	78
Average road area by person	m2/person	1.42	6.00
Average road length by person	m/person	0.13	0.21
Handling capacity by port	Million tons	1.62	2.30
Passenger volume by air	million person times/year	0.08	1.00
Proportion of rail traffic volume against public traffic	per cent	0.00	30.00
Average power consumption by person	degree/person year	1971.0	6752.00
Average gas consumption by person	m3/person.year	0.32	0.91
Average water consumption by person	1/day	226.00	500.00

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